4.1-4.3 Attention, cognition, consciousness Flashcards
Pathway of information
Sensation -> attention (filtering) -> cognition -> behavior
attended/unattended channel
attended - the important ear, we remember this
unattended - we tend to forget
a feature of selective attention
Broadbent filter
a model of model of selective attention
- prevents information overload
- a selective filter is applied based on physical properties of the sound
- does not take into account the cocktail party effect
cocktail party effect
adapts the theory, unattended ear is not completely filtered out, but rather it is dampened, and still processed
Anne Treisman’s attenuation model
attenuation - turn down the volume, does not eliminate the input
selective priming
we are primed to hear our names or names of people we know
spotlight model
a theory of visual attention, the spotlight is a beam that shines anywhere in a individual’s visual field. the shift in attention precedes eye movement
the binding problem
in visual perception, the problem of how different aspects are assembled together and related to a single object, rather than something else in the visual field
- solved by visual attention, feature detection
- binding is problematic when viewing two items
divided attention
multitasking - performing multiple tasks simultaneously
resource model of attention (three factors)
limited pool of resources when performing tasks; if resourced required exceeds available resources, tasks cannot be accomplished at the same time.
- task similarity
- task difficulty
- task practice
behavioralism is concerned with…
stimulus and response
information-processing model of the brain
attention -> perception -> storage into memory
Alan Baddeley’s model
working memory consists of 4 components
- phonological loop
- visuospatial sketchpad
- episodic buffer
- central executive
phonological - we repeat verbal information to aid memory
visuospatial - mental images
episodic buffer - integrate verbal/imagery with a sense of time, interface with long-term memory, into coherent episodes. seeing a station wagon your father used to drive
central executive - shifting and dividing attention
Jean Piaget
children develop schemas
assimilate into existing schemas, or adjusting schemas
ex. monster
4 developmental stages
Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of development
- sensorimotor (0-2): they sense the world through senses and movement. learn object permanence - existence of objects out of sight
- preoperational (2-7): symbols like words and images, pretend play, development of language, but lack logical reasoning, also: egocentric (do not understand other people have perspectives)
- concrete operational (7-11): logical thinking about concrete events. principle of conservation (water and shape). mathematical concepts
- formal operational (12-adult): abstract reasoning (hypothesizing) and moral reasoning
recall versus recognition
recognition is retrieving information from memory with clues
elderly have worse recall, slower reaction times and speech, and harder time with time-based tasks
role of culture/language
culture = social processes -> affects how we internalize information
expression of thought is limited to language; multilingual people have been shown to perform differently on tests based on language used
confirmation bias
a problem with thinking, searching for information that confirms a preconceived thinking
fixation
a problem with effective problem solving: the existence of of a MENTAL SET; a tendency to focus only on solutions that worked in the past
functional fixedness
perceive functions of objects as fixed and and unchanging. a key can also work as a box cutter
availability heuristic
what we know we tend to suggest as more likely
- Haydn and Beethoven prolificacy
representativeness heuristic
Generalization of rude Post Office worker : “all post office workers are rude”
a particular example dominates all thinking
belief bias
tendency to judge argument based on their conclusions rather than their logic
“we have a belief, from which we base all arguments”
we tend to accept conclusions that fit in with our beliefs
belief perseverance
our tendency to cling to beliefs despite the presence of contrary evidence
