Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PR - Psychology/Sociology > 3.5 Sensation modalities > Flashcards

3.5 Sensation modalities Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sensation versus perception

A

sensation - receiving information

perception - organizing, assimilating, and interpreting sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 types of sensory receptors

A

exteroceptor - respond to external stimuli

interoceptors - internal stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

mechanical disturbances

  • ex. Pacinian corpuscles - pressure sensors in the skin, 1 of 4 mechanoreceptors in the skin
  • send graded potential changes
  • ex. Auditory hair cell - detects sound wave vibrations
  • autonomic mechanoreceptor -> detection of stretching of intestinal walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chemoreceptor

A

ex. olfactory, gustatory

- chemoreceptors in the walls of carotid and aortic arteries detect pH, PCO2, PO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nociceptor

A

pain receptors

  • a kind of chemoreceptor, detects chemical signs of damage
  • autonomic pain receptors are not clear, but give sensation of dull or aching pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

“referred pain”

A

when nociceptors cross paths with somatic afferents from the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thermoreceptors

A

autonomic and somatic

  1. cold-sensitive
  2. warm-sensitive
  3. thermal nociceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

induced by electromagnetic waves

- rod and cone of the retina of the eye (photoreceptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sensory stimuli has 4 properties

A
  1. stimulus modality - type of receptor
  2. stimulus location - localized by overlapping receptive fields
  3. intensity - frequency of APs; dynamic range (or range of intensities) can be expanded by “range fractionation” - multiple groups of receptors with limited ranges to detect a wider range of stimuli
  4. duration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sensory stimulus — duration

A

tonic -> fires AP as long as stimulus continues; adaptation -> frequency of APs decreases as stimulus continues at same level; phasic receptors -> fire APs when the stimulus begins, but don’t communicate the duration of the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nerves are trained to respond to

A

CHANGING stimuli; see adaptation

exception: nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

proprioceptors

A

awareness of the self - body position, the kinesthetic sense

ex. muscle spindle - mechanoreceptor - detects muscle stretch
ex. Golgi tendon organs - tension in tendons

joint capsule receptors - detect pressure, tension and movement in joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

five taste buds

A
  1. salty, sweet, bitter (basic), sour (acidic), umami (amino acids)
    taste pore + taste hairs

taste is transmitted through cranial nerve to temporal lobe, not far from olfactory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

olfaction

A

located at roof of nasopharynx, airborne chemical that dissolve in mucus

  • olfactory nerves project directly to olfactory bulbs of the brain (near temporal lobes, near limbic system)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

smell as good and bad

A

good and bad smells are learned, based on experiences. there is no universally noxious smell – dependent on culture/upbringing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pheromones

A

used by insects to communicate (food, threats, mating). not well studied in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

outer ear

A
  • auricle/pinna (the shape of the ear - the “pinnacle” of the ear)
  • external auditory canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

  • ossicles
  • three bones:
    1. malleus
    2. incus
    3. stapes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea

  • semicircular canals
  • utricle
  • saccule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what controls balance

A

3 semicircular canals: utricle, saccule, ampullae

filled with endolymph and hair cells that detect motion

detect rotations acceleration of the held

innervated by afferent neurons which send balance information to the pons/cerebellum

detects linear balance and static equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

round window

A

releases excess pressure; membrane-covered hole in the cochlea near the oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Eustachian tube

A

passageway to the back of the throat to middle ear, equalizes pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mechanism of ear

A
  1. sound waves enter external ear
  2. pass through auditory canal
  3. TM vibrates -> malleus -> incus -> stapes (amplification)
  4. stapes -> oval window -> pressure waves sent to perilymph and endolymph (fluids in the cochlea)
  5. pressure waves in endolymph cause vibration of the basilar membrane, which is covered with auditory receptor cells called hair cells (cilia from apical structures)
  6. hairs contact the tectorial membrane (roof)
  7. (movement of basilar membrane bends the hairs on tectorial membrane)
  8. the displacement of hair opens ion channels in the hair cells, which result in NT release and stimulation of bipolar auditory neurons
  9. dendrites from bipolar auditory afferent neurons are stimulated by NT, thus sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses

air -> bone -> fluid

24
Q

organ of Corti

A
  1. basilar membrane
  2. hair cells
  3. tectorial membrane

found in the cochlea

25
Q

pitch

A

– different sets of neurons for different pitches

frequency -> depends on regions of the basilar membrane

thick and sturdy near the oval window; thin and floppy near the apex of cochlea

low frequency -> stimulate at farthest away, away from oval window

high-pitch -> near the oval window

26
Q

loudness

A

the amplitude of vibration = more frequency APs

27
Q

auditory cortex

A

located in temporal lobe, helps with stereophonic hearing

28
Q

hearing is highly adaptive

A

we hear vocal frequencies, and variations in human voices

29
Q

retina

A

detects light and sends APs to brain

30
Q

passage of light

A

enters cornea (clear front of eye), which is refracted,

31
Q

choroid

A

beneath the sclera (darkly-pigmented cells that absorb excess light), beneath this is retina

32
Q

anatomy of eye (DRAW)

A

p. 65

33
Q

anterior chamber

A

contains fluids called aqueous humor.

just behind the cornea, in front of the iris

34
Q

iris

A

muscles control the diameter of the pupil

35
Q

posterior chamber

A

behind the iris, in front of the lens, made of aqueous humor

36
Q

lens

A

fine tunes the angle of incoming light, whose curvature is dictated by the ciliary muscle

37
Q

vitreous chamber

A

contains vitreous humor

38
Q

part of brain that receives visual input

A

occipital lobe (“Obama could see the future”)

39
Q

Organization of retina (DRAW)

A

p. 86

40
Q

optic disk

A

where the axons from ganglion cells converge, contains no photoreceptors

41
Q

fovea centralis

A

focal point - contains only cones and provides extreme visual acuity

42
Q

rods and cones

A

rods connect to posterior wall of retina

contain special proteins (opsin) that change tertiary structure upon absorbing light

synapse on bipolar cells

AT DARK: depolarization, they release NT glutamate onto the bipolar cells, which inhibits firing. “GLUTAMINE at NIGHT.”

AT LIGHT: upon absorption of light, the photoreceptor stops releasing glutamate on the bipolar cells, the bipolar cells can depolarize (removal of inhibition), causing depolarization of ganglion cells, creating AP along the axon of ganglion cell

43
Q

opsin is bound to…

A

bound to one molecule of retinal, derived from vitamin A

44
Q

at dark…then at light

A

rods and cones have several trans double bonds and 1 cis double bond retinal and opsin keep a sodium channel open. cell is depolarized.

with absorbing a single photon, the retinal is converted to all-trans for, closing the sodium channel and hyperpolarized

45
Q

optic nerve

A

all axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve

46
Q

night vision

A

accomplished by rods, which are sensitive to motion and dim light, found in the periphery of the retina

47
Q

cones

A

require abundant light, produce color and high-acuity vision, concentrated at the fovea

Cones - Color - aCuity

each cone makes a particular pigment which changes conformation when light of appropriate frequency strikes it

48
Q

emmetropia

A

normal vision

49
Q

how to correct myopia

A

nearsightedness, CONCAVE (diverging) lens can be used

50
Q

how to correct hyperopia

A

farsightedness, CONVEX lens

51
Q

presbyopia

A

inability to accommodate focus - occurs with aging

52
Q

visual processing

A

parallel processing

feature-detection theory

vision is 30% of the processing

53
Q

depth perception

A

binocular cues, retinal disparity, convergence

54
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues available to either eye alone

  1. relative size - sizes of similar objects
  2. interposition - subject on top of another
  3. relative clarity - fuzziness
  4. texture gradient - see poppies
  5. relative height - things on top are farther away
  6. relative motion - things closer to us move more
  7. linear perspective - convergence of lines as distance increases
  8. light/shadow - closer object reflect more light
55
Q

retinal disparity

A

the difference between left and right eyes

56
Q

Sensory modalities table (DRAW)

A

p. 73

PR - Psychology/Sociology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions