5.1-5.3 Learning and early development

Question 1

nonassociative learning

Answer 1

habituation, sensitization

Question 2

habit

Answer 2

action repeated until it becomes automatic

Question 3

habituation/dishabituation

Answer 3

“tuning out” a stimulus (trains at night)

“going away for vacation”

Question 4

sensitization

Answer 4

increase in responsiveness due to repeated application of stimulus (the opposite of habituation)

does not result in long-term behavior change

Question 5

desensitization

Answer 5

no longer sensitized (loud noises no longer bother somebody who was at a rock concert)

Question 6

associative learning

Answer 6

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

Pavlov’s dog (“Pavlov the russian classical composer”)

This whole thing is called CONDITIONING

Neutral stimulus - does not mean anything on its own

Unconditioned stimulus - reflex (sight of food)

Unconditioned response - salivation

Conditioned stimulus - “the bell”, paired with neutral stimulus (originally neutral stimulus)

Conditioned response - same as unconditioned response, a learned response

Question 8

AES of CC

Answer 8

Acquisition (learning the conditioned response) - when neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are PAIRED

Extinction - unpairing

Spontaneous recovery - extinct conditioned response occurs again

Question 9

Generalization and Discrimination of CC

Answer 9

generalization is when similar stimuli evoke the conditioned response; discrimination is when similar stimuli do not evoke a CR

Question 10

TA (conditioning)

Answer 10

TASTE AVERSION

short acquisition phase, long extinction

averse to smell, taste, or even sight of a specific food

Question 11

operant

Answer 11

“operations: the one who punishes (+) and rewards (-)”

Skinner was kinky =

Skinner’s box

Principle of REINFORCEMENT

Question 12

Reinforcement/Punishment

Answer 12

Negative = REMOVAL

Reinforcement - doing something to INCREASE a behavior

• Positive: a reward - food (hippocampus)
• Negative: removal a punishment - removal of electric shocks (amygdala)

Punishment - doing something to DECREASE a behavior

• Positive: twenty push-ups for saying something bad
• Negative: removal of free-time for children that misbehave

Positive: an addition
Negative: removal/subtraction

Question 13

primary reinforcers

Answer 13

innately satisfying or undesirable

primary negative reinforcer - avoiding pain

Question 14

secondary reinforcers

Answer 14

paired with primary reinforcer

Question 15

reinforcement schedule

Answer 15

continuous - every good behavior is reinforced

intermittent - some good behaviors are reinforced

Continuous - rapid acquisition of behavior, but also rapid extinction

Intermittent - slower acquisition, but greater persistence

Ideally, you continuously reinforce at first, then change to intermittent

Question 16

types of reinforcement schedules

Answer 16

1. fixed ratio (10 clicks per food) - high rate of response
2. variable-ration (variable clicks per food) - high rate of response
3. fixed-interval (set period of time) - clicks INCREASE as time ends - think about workers and boss who comes by every 1 hours
4. variable interval - low but steady rate of response

Question 17

Reinforcement schedule table (DRAW)

Answer 17

p. 144

Question 18

Escape and avoidance (operant)

Answer 18

escape - avoiding an aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior (temper tantrum to avoid eating vegetables)

avoidance - avoiding confronting an aversive stimulus (faking an illness)

Question 19

modeling

Answer 19

copying somebody else because you see how successful that behavior is

sometimes people still model without seeing the consequences

BBBBandura-BBBBobBBBo Doll - imitation is very influential

Question 20

peripheral versus central

Answer 20

persuasion

peripheral - the “HAIR” dictates the argument
central - CONTENT

Question 21

three characteristics of persuasion

Answer 21

1. message - logic, number of key points, superficial things
2. Source - expertise, knowledge, venue (NEJM)
3. Target - self-esteem, intelligence, mood

Question 22

Elaboration likelihood model: Central versus Peripheral (DRAW DIAGRAM)

Answer 22

p. 151

Question 23

social cognitive theory

Answer 23

cognition, learning, social influence -> affect attitude changes

Question 24

reciprocal determinism

Answer 24

behavior personal factors environment (Sally joins the soccer team) The INTERTWINED nature (Bandura – OBBBBservational learning)

Question 25

adoption profiles

Answer 25

hereditary: agreeableness, extraversion, introversion

adopted traits: attitudes, values, manners, faith, politics

Question 26

separated MZ twins

Answer 26

remarkably similar in terms of tastes, physical abilities, personality, interests, attitudes, and fears

Question 27

reflexes - DRAW (p. 157)

MRSBTPW

Answer 27

MRSBTPW

Moro
Rooting
Sucking
Babinski
Tonic neck
Palmar
Walking/stepping

Question 28

Motor development - DRAW (p. 158)

Answer 28

p. 158

Reflexive
Rudimentary - first voluntary movement
Fundamental - running, jumping, throwing, catching - highly influenced by environment - physical activities and games
Specialized - specific tasks (TRANSITIONAL -> APPLICATION)

Question 29

Last area of brain to develop

Answer 29

association areas - thinking/memory/language

Question 30

Harlow experiments

Answer 30

the monkeys did not develop correctly, females would kill their offspring

Question 31

Three parenting styles

Answer 31

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative (last is best)