6.1-6.3 Personality Flashcards
what is personality?
patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person.
- for therapies to treat personality disorders
1. psychoanalytic
2. humanistic
3. person-based
4. CBT
psychoanalytic theory
personality is made of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, derived from past experiences
conscious is very limited
unconscious can be inferred through dreams, slips of tongue, posthypnotic suggestion, and free associations
the two instincts
life instinct (libido) and death instinct (wish to die or hurt others)
libido - survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance, pleasure
three components of personality (psychoanalytic)
- id
- ego
- superego
id
energy, instinct, PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
avoid pain, gain pleasure
NO REASONING
does not distinguish mental images from external objects
children function entirely as id
keywords: fears, violent urges, selfish needs
ego
REALITY PRINCIPLE
logical thinking and planning
realistic ways of satisfying the id
keywords: logic, memories, stored information
superego
MORALISTIC IDEALIST
higher purpose
right and wrong
seeks rewards like pride and self-love, avoid feelings of guilt and inferiority
keywords: thought perceptions, morals, values, ideals, self-love, avoidance of guitl
anxiety
awareness of repressed feelings, memories, desires or experiences
coping strategies are EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
ego defense mechanisms
- Repression
- Denial
- Reaction Formation
- Projection
- Displacement
- Rationalization
- Regression
- Sublimation
repression - lack of recall
denial - forceful refusal to acknowledge a memory
reaction formation - expressing the opposite of one’s true feelings
projection - attributing one’s feelings to another person
displacement - redirecting aggression or sexual impulse from a forbidden action onto a less dangerous one
rationalization - explaining/justifying one’s impulsive behavior
regression - reverting to a less sophisticated behavior (bed-wetting)
sublimation - channeling aggression or sexual energy into positive activities, like art
psychological dysfunction (freud)
when certain needs at a developmental stage are not met, the psychosexual stages
based on CONFLICTS and psychopathology
five psychosexual stages
- oral - sucking/chewing
- anal - control of elimination
- phallic - genitals, sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent and hostile to same-sex parent (Oedipus complex) (penis envy)
(1-3 determine adult personality)
- latency - sexual energy SUBSIDES
- genital - adolescence fueled y sexual themes fueling friendships, art, sports, careers
psychological fixation
when parents overindulge or frustrate the child’s expression of sensual pleasure, the desire for that activity persist through adulthood
growth instinct
rather than libido or death instinct – Erik Erikson
influenced by social factors > sensual urges
erik erikson’s 8 stages
PSYCHOSOCIAL
crises must be resolved:
p. 188
- trust v. mistrust
- autonomy v. shame/doubt
- initiative v. guilt
- industry v. inferiority
- identity v. role confusion
- intimacy v. isolation
- generativity v. stagnation
- integrity v. despair
purpose of PA therapy
strengthen the ego (grounded in reality)
techniques include: free association, role-play, dream interpretation
humanistic theory
more positive
humans inherently good and have free will, rather than early life determinism
actualizing tendency (innate drive to enhance the organism), self-actualization (realizing one’s fullest potential)
CARL ROGERS
self-concept
CARL ROGERS
child’s conscious, subjective perceptions and belief about himself, introjects the caregiver’s values
NOT THE TRUE VALUES, which are unconscious
the discrepancy between consciously introjected values and unconscious values is the root of psychopathology -> leads to tension, not knowing oneself, a feeling of wrongness
incongruence
behavior that contradicts one’s self-concepts
paying attention can reveal where the true values are
HARD to modify self-concept, rather deny or distort
humanistic therapy (person-centered therapy)
accept and trust themselves and emotional reactions, learn from experiences, genuineness (congruence), empathy, and positive regard
Client > patient
behaviorist
deterministic
begin as blank slates
reinforcement/punishment
behavioral therapy
therapist determines A (antecedents), B (behavior), and C (consequences)
relaxation training, systematic desensitization to manage FEAR and ANXIETY
often combined with cognitive component - feelings and behaviors are reactions to person’s thoughts about events, NOT THE EVENT. each person lives in self-created, subjective beliefs about himself, other people, and the world. Beliefs are interpretations of the world. Largely unconscious and formed during childhood. Psychopathology -> irrational or dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
social cognitive theory
personality is formed by reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
involves classical/operant and observation learning (vicarious)
Types of therapy - DRAW table (p. 191)
p. 191
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
CBT
personality trait
stable predisposition toward a certain behavior
surface and source
surface - evident in behavior (talkative, exuberant)
source - underlaying human personality and behavior (fewer and more abstract)
not binary, rather continuum (introversion/extroversion)
five global factors (source traits)
16 surface traits, 15 of which can be reduced into 5 global factors
- extroversion
- anxiety
- receptivity
- accommodation
- self-control
16 personality factors (Cattell) or big five personality treats (DRAW TABLE) - p. 192
draw
Hans Eysenck
a person’s level of extroversion is based on difference in the reticular formation
introverts are more sensitive to stimulating environments
neuroticism is based on individual difference in the limbic system
brain studies support this (brain volumes) and twin/adoption studies support heritability of extroversion and neuroticism
Jeffrey Alan Gray
personality is government by interactions among three brain systems that respond to reward/punishments
fearfulness and avoidance -> fight or flight symp. NS
worry and anxiety -> behavioral inhibition system
optimism and impulsivity -> behavioral approach system
C. Robert Cloninger
personality -> brain systems -> neurotransmitters -> reward/motivation/punishment
low dopamine -> higher impulsivity and novelty seeking
low norepinephrine -> high approval seeking and reward dependence
low serotonin -> risk avoidance
CORRELATIONS found between novelty seeking and grey matter volume in the cingulate cortex; reward dependence and GMV in the caudate nucleus, and harm avoidance and GMV in the orbitofrontal/occipital/parietal cortices
person-situation controversy
aka trait versus state controversy
person’s reaction in a situation is due to personality (trait) or situation itself (state)
traits -> internal, stable, enduring, consistent
states -> situational, temporary, variable and influenced by environment
extroversion (trait) versus stress (state)
traits are hidden by SOCIAL CUES (verbal/nonverbal hints that guide social interaction)
instinct
gene-driven behaviors
drive
urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness
arousal
instinct and drives cannot explain all; all our needs are met, we still seek an optimum level of arousal
too much arousal = stress
needs
more complex than basic biological needs (physiologic drives) that include complex desires (need for safety, need for belonging and love, need for achievement)
drive-reduction theory
need (need for water) -> drive (thirst) -> drive-reducing behavior (drinking)
But we are also influenced by sociocultural factors (hot dog eating content, cravings, weight and appearance)
maslow’s hierarchy (DRAW - p. 196)
SaELbSP
Self-actualization Esteem Love and belonging Safety Physiological
psychological disorder
defined by SYMPTOM QUANTITY and SEVERITY, and IMPACT ON FUNCTIONING
the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders (DRAW - p. 199)
draw
Bio - genetics, evolution, brain
SC - socioeconomic status, peers, expectations, education, roles
Psychological - self-esteem, social skills, stress, coping, learn-helplessness
DSM disorders (p. 200-201) - DRAW
anxiety (5) OCD (3) Trauma/stressor (3) Somatic symptoms (4) Bipolar (3) Depressive (3) Schizophrenia spectrum/psychosis (5) Dissociative (3) Personality (10) Feeding eating (3) Neurocognitive (4) Sleep-wake disorders (5) Substance/addiction (4)
anxiety disorders (4)
anxiety -> unpleasant physical or mental arousal
- panic disorder
- GAD
- Specific phobia
- social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
panic disorder
panic disorder = at least 1 panic attack and worries about having more; triggered by certain situations, but more often SPONTANEOUS and UNPREDICTABLE
panic = intense dread, SOB, chest pain, choking, cardiac symptoms (Tachy), palpitations, fear of heart attack or stroke. less than 30 minutes, although excruciating. responds well to treatment
GAD
generalized anxiety disorder
anxious all the time about many things, but does not experience panic attacks
no identifiable source
distress is NOT severe; includes restlessness, tiring easily, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, insomnia, and restless sleep
specific phobia
situational - flying, elevators, bridges, crowds
nature - thunderstorms, heights, water, lightning
medical - injections, blood, surgery
animal - spiders, snakes, dogs
