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PR - Psychology/Sociology > 6.1-6.3 Personality > Flashcards

6.1-6.3 Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

what is personality?

A

patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person.

  • for therapies to treat personality disorders
    1. psychoanalytic
    2. humanistic
    3. person-based
    4. CBT
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2
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

personality is made of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, derived from past experiences

conscious is very limited

unconscious can be inferred through dreams, slips of tongue, posthypnotic suggestion, and free associations

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3
Q

the two instincts

A

life instinct (libido) and death instinct (wish to die or hurt others)

libido - survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance, pleasure

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4
Q

three components of personality (psychoanalytic)

A
  1. id
  2. ego
  3. superego
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5
Q

id

A

energy, instinct, PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

avoid pain, gain pleasure

NO REASONING

does not distinguish mental images from external objects

children function entirely as id

keywords: fears, violent urges, selfish needs

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6
Q

ego

A

REALITY PRINCIPLE

logical thinking and planning
realistic ways of satisfying the id

keywords: logic, memories, stored information

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7
Q

superego

A

MORALISTIC IDEALIST

higher purpose

right and wrong

seeks rewards like pride and self-love, avoid feelings of guilt and inferiority

keywords: thought perceptions, morals, values, ideals, self-love, avoidance of guitl

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8
Q

anxiety

A

awareness of repressed feelings, memories, desires or experiences

coping strategies are EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS

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9
Q

ego defense mechanisms

A
  1. Repression
  2. Denial
  3. Reaction Formation
  4. Projection
  5. Displacement
  6. Rationalization
  7. Regression
  8. Sublimation

repression - lack of recall
denial - forceful refusal to acknowledge a memory
reaction formation - expressing the opposite of one’s true feelings
projection - attributing one’s feelings to another person
displacement - redirecting aggression or sexual impulse from a forbidden action onto a less dangerous one
rationalization - explaining/justifying one’s impulsive behavior
regression - reverting to a less sophisticated behavior (bed-wetting)
sublimation - channeling aggression or sexual energy into positive activities, like art

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10
Q

psychological dysfunction (freud)

A

when certain needs at a developmental stage are not met, the psychosexual stages

based on CONFLICTS and psychopathology

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11
Q

five psychosexual stages

A
  1. oral - sucking/chewing
  2. anal - control of elimination
  3. phallic - genitals, sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent and hostile to same-sex parent (Oedipus complex) (penis envy)

(1-3 determine adult personality)

  1. latency - sexual energy SUBSIDES
  2. genital - adolescence fueled y sexual themes fueling friendships, art, sports, careers
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12
Q

psychological fixation

A

when parents overindulge or frustrate the child’s expression of sensual pleasure, the desire for that activity persist through adulthood

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13
Q

growth instinct

A

rather than libido or death instinct – Erik Erikson

influenced by social factors > sensual urges

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14
Q

erik erikson’s 8 stages

A

PSYCHOSOCIAL

crises must be resolved:

p. 188

  1. trust v. mistrust
  2. autonomy v. shame/doubt
  3. initiative v. guilt
  4. industry v. inferiority
  5. identity v. role confusion
  6. intimacy v. isolation
  7. generativity v. stagnation
  8. integrity v. despair
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15
Q

purpose of PA therapy

A

strengthen the ego (grounded in reality)

techniques include: free association, role-play, dream interpretation

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16
Q

humanistic theory

A

more positive

humans inherently good and have free will, rather than early life determinism

actualizing tendency (innate drive to enhance the organism), self-actualization (realizing one’s fullest potential)

CARL ROGERS

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17
Q

self-concept

A

CARL ROGERS

child’s conscious, subjective perceptions and belief about himself, introjects the caregiver’s values

NOT THE TRUE VALUES, which are unconscious

the discrepancy between consciously introjected values and unconscious values is the root of psychopathology -> leads to tension, not knowing oneself, a feeling of wrongness

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18
Q

incongruence

A

behavior that contradicts one’s self-concepts

paying attention can reveal where the true values are

HARD to modify self-concept, rather deny or distort

19
Q

humanistic therapy (person-centered therapy)

A

accept and trust themselves and emotional reactions, learn from experiences, genuineness (congruence), empathy, and positive regard

Client > patient

20
Q

behaviorist

A

deterministic

begin as blank slates

reinforcement/punishment

21
Q

behavioral therapy

A

therapist determines A (antecedents), B (behavior), and C (consequences)

relaxation training, systematic desensitization to manage FEAR and ANXIETY

often combined with cognitive component - feelings and behaviors are reactions to person’s thoughts about events, NOT THE EVENT. each person lives in self-created, subjective beliefs about himself, other people, and the world. Beliefs are interpretations of the world. Largely unconscious and formed during childhood. Psychopathology -> irrational or dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs

22
Q

social cognitive theory

A

personality is formed by reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

involves classical/operant and observation learning (vicarious)

23
Q

Types of therapy - DRAW table (p. 191)

A

p. 191

Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
CBT

24
Q

personality trait

A

stable predisposition toward a certain behavior

surface and source

surface - evident in behavior (talkative, exuberant)

source - underlaying human personality and behavior (fewer and more abstract)

not binary, rather continuum (introversion/extroversion)

25
Q

five global factors (source traits)

A

16 surface traits, 15 of which can be reduced into 5 global factors

  1. extroversion
  2. anxiety
  3. receptivity
  4. accommodation
  5. self-control
26
Q

16 personality factors (Cattell) or big five personality treats (DRAW TABLE) - p. 192

A

draw

27
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

a person’s level of extroversion is based on difference in the reticular formation

introverts are more sensitive to stimulating environments

neuroticism is based on individual difference in the limbic system

brain studies support this (brain volumes) and twin/adoption studies support heritability of extroversion and neuroticism

28
Q

Jeffrey Alan Gray

A

personality is government by interactions among three brain systems that respond to reward/punishments

fearfulness and avoidance -> fight or flight symp. NS

worry and anxiety -> behavioral inhibition system

optimism and impulsivity -> behavioral approach system

29
Q

C. Robert Cloninger

A

personality -> brain systems -> neurotransmitters -> reward/motivation/punishment

low dopamine -> higher impulsivity and novelty seeking
low norepinephrine -> high approval seeking and reward dependence
low serotonin -> risk avoidance

CORRELATIONS found between novelty seeking and grey matter volume in the cingulate cortex; reward dependence and GMV in the caudate nucleus, and harm avoidance and GMV in the orbitofrontal/occipital/parietal cortices

30
Q

person-situation controversy

A

aka trait versus state controversy

person’s reaction in a situation is due to personality (trait) or situation itself (state)

traits -> internal, stable, enduring, consistent

states -> situational, temporary, variable and influenced by environment

extroversion (trait) versus stress (state)

traits are hidden by SOCIAL CUES (verbal/nonverbal hints that guide social interaction)

31
Q

instinct

A

gene-driven behaviors

32
Q

drive

A

urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness

33
Q

arousal

A

instinct and drives cannot explain all; all our needs are met, we still seek an optimum level of arousal

too much arousal = stress

34
Q

needs

A

more complex than basic biological needs (physiologic drives) that include complex desires (need for safety, need for belonging and love, need for achievement)

35
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

need (need for water) -> drive (thirst) -> drive-reducing behavior (drinking)

But we are also influenced by sociocultural factors (hot dog eating content, cravings, weight and appearance)

36
Q

maslow’s hierarchy (DRAW - p. 196)

A

SaELbSP

Self-actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safety
Physiological
37
Q

psychological disorder

A

defined by SYMPTOM QUANTITY and SEVERITY, and IMPACT ON FUNCTIONING

38
Q

the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders (DRAW - p. 199)

A

draw

Bio - genetics, evolution, brain

SC - socioeconomic status, peers, expectations, education, roles

Psychological - self-esteem, social skills, stress, coping, learn-helplessness

39
Q

DSM disorders (p. 200-201) - DRAW

A 
anxiety (5)
OCD (3)
Trauma/stressor (3)
Somatic symptoms (4)
Bipolar (3)
Depressive (3)
Schizophrenia spectrum/psychosis (5)
Dissociative (3)
Personality (10)
Feeding eating (3)
Neurocognitive (4)
Sleep-wake disorders (5)
Substance/addiction (4)
40
Q

anxiety disorders (4)

A

anxiety -> unpleasant physical or mental arousal

  1. panic disorder
  2. GAD
  3. Specific phobia
  4. social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
41
Q

panic disorder

A

panic disorder = at least 1 panic attack and worries about having more; triggered by certain situations, but more often SPONTANEOUS and UNPREDICTABLE

panic = intense dread, SOB, chest pain, choking, cardiac symptoms (Tachy), palpitations, fear of heart attack or stroke. less than 30 minutes, although excruciating. responds well to treatment

42
Q

GAD

A

generalized anxiety disorder

anxious all the time about many things, but does not experience panic attacks

no identifiable source

distress is NOT severe; includes restlessness, tiring easily, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, insomnia, and restless sleep

43
Q

specific phobia

A

situational - flying, elevators, bridges, crowds

nature - thunderstorms, heights, water, lightning

medical - injections, blood, surgery

animal - spiders, snakes, dogs

PR - Psychology/Sociology (16 decks)

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