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PR - Psychology/Sociology > 3.3-3.4 Nervous system > Flashcards

3.3-3.4 Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

PNS

A

sensory function of nervous system; receives info

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2
Q

CNS

A

the integrative (processing) of information

consists of spinal cord and brain

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3
Q

motor/motor neurons

A

acting on information; motor neurons carry information from CNS to organ that can act, known as effectors

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4
Q

types of effectors

A

muscles and glands

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5
Q

efferent vs afferent

A

efferent neurons -> go AWAY from CNS

sensory neurons -> afferent, carry to CNS

eff-ing leave to the effectors; efferent goes to effectors
aff -> attract sensory info; requires thinking affterwards

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6
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc

A

a quadricep muscle contracts when the patellar tendon is stretched (involves two neurons and 1 synapse)

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7
Q

inhibitory interneuron

A

a short neuron which forms an inhibitory synapse with a motor neuron (ex. in the hamstring muscle); the concurrent relaxation of hamstring and contraction of quadriceps is an example of reciprocal inhibition

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8
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

concurrent relaxation of the hamstring and contraction of the quadriceps

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9
Q

somatic vs autonomic

A

somatic = voluntary (skeletal muscles)

autonomic = “automatic” (digestions, metabolism, circulation, perspiration, etc)

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10
Q

autonomic divides into two halves

A

sympathetic/parasympathetic

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11
Q

sympathetic versus parasympathetic

A

(memorize the table)

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12
Q

what are neuronal cell bodies called outside of the CNS?

A

ganglia, which are bunches of somas located OUTSIDE the CNS

“the gangs are outside roaming the streets”

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13
Q

where are most neuronal cell bodies found?

A

majority are found in the CNS, sometimes bunched in structures called nuclei

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14
Q

3 main parts of the brain

A

hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
forebrain (prosencephalon)

HMF

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15
Q

CSF

A

a clear liquid that 1. absorbs shocks/protects spinal cord, 2. exchange nutrients and waste

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16
Q

spinal cord

A

simple spinal reflexes, primitive processes like walking, urination, and sex organ function

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17
Q

hindbrain

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum (“little brain”)

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18
Q

medulla (oblongata)

A

located below the pons, connects to spinal cord (“obligated to spinal cord”).

  • autonomic functions (bp/digestion/vomiting)
  • respiratory function (“obligated to breath and digest and vomit”)
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19
Q

pons

A

below the midbrain

  • some autonomic functions
  • coordinates movements
  • balance/antigravity

“ponsford teaches balance to astronauts”

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20
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain”

  • complex movements
  • instructions for movement from forebrain are sent to cerebellum
  • hand-eye coordination and balance
  • receives input from the vestibular apparatus
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21
Q

midbrain

A
  • visual/audio information
  • Reticular activating system (RAS) -> wakefulness, arousal

“mid-night wakefulness, listening to music and watching videos”

22
Q

brainstem

A

medulla + pons + midbrain

23
Q

forebrain

A

diencephalon, telencephalon

24
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus + hypothalamus

25
Q

thalamus

A

relay-processing for sensory information

26
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • emotions
  • autonomic functions
  • hormone production and release
  • link between nervous and endocrine systems
  • controls the pituitary
27
Q

telencephalon

A
  • divided into two symmetrical sides
  • left-side is dominant, speech
  • right-side is concerned with visual-spatial reasoning and music
28
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of axons connecting the two sides of telencephalon

29
Q

cerebrum

A

made of two cerebral hemispheres

  • grey outer cortex (trillions of somas)
  • white inner core connected to diencephalon (composed of myelinated axons)
  • the cerebral hemispheres process somatic sensory information and motor information
30
Q

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

DRAW

31
Q

frontal lobes

A

voluntary movement

- complex reasoning and problem-solving

32
Q

parietal lobes

A

sensation (touch, temperature, pressure, vibration) and gustation

“parents teach sensations and taste”

33
Q

temporal lobes

A

auditory and olfactory
- short-term memory, language comprehension, emotion

“temporary sounds and smells”

34
Q

occipital lobes

A

visual sensation

“watching occi-clean commericals”

35
Q

basal nuclei

A

aka basil ganglia = movement

  • voluntary motor control and habits
  • works with cerebellum to coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex
  • basil nuclei are inhibitory, cerebellum is excitatory
36
Q

limbic

A
  • between cerebrum and diencephalon
  • substructures include: amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus
  • emotion/memory/learning
37
Q

Page 55 table

A

MEMORIZE TABLE

38
Q

homunculus

A

little man

39
Q

neurons entering/exiting the CNS

A

carried by 12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs spinal nerves
Cranial nerves -> sensory and motor information to and from the brainstem
Spinal nerves -> to and from spinal cord

40
Q

vagus nerve

A

the 10th cranial nerve

  • decreases heart and increases GI tract
  • parasympathetic
  • axons synapse at ganglia on the heart, stomach, and other visceral organ
  • nerves are preganglionic and located in CNS
  • they synapse with postganglionic neruons
41
Q

somatic PNS anatomy

A
  • innervate skeletal muscles
  • ACh is NT
  • cell bodies live in brain stem or ventral portion of spinal cord
42
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

located just outside the CNS, a bunch of somatic (and autonomic) sensory neuron cell bodies (contains the cell bodies of afferent neurons)

  • protected by vertebral column, but outside the meninges, thus out of the CNS
  • sometimes synapse on the cord, sometimes stretches to the brain stem
43
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release…

A

acetylcholine

acetylcholine = parasympathetic system

44
Q

sympathetic postganglionic neurons release…

A

norepinephrine

norepinephrine stimulates

45
Q

where are the preganglionic efferent neurons of the sympathetic system?

A

all sympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have cell bodies in the thoracic or lumbar regions of spinal cord

  • the sympathetic system = “thoracic-lumbar system”
46
Q

what is the parasympathetic system also known as?

A

the craniosacral system. all the preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the brainstem or or sacral portion

47
Q

Illustration autonomic nervous system (p. 58)

A

DRAW

48
Q

where is the first synapse of the somatic afferent neuron?

A

in the CNS

49
Q

“short reflex”

A

autonomic afferent neurons can synapse in the PNS (at the autonomic ganglia) with autonomic efferent neurons

50
Q

Table of sympathetic versus parasympathetic (p. 59)

A

DRAW

51
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid (aldosterone), and sex hormones

52
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • embryologically derived from sympathetic postganglionic neurons
  • innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons
  • releases epinephrine

PR - Psychology/Sociology (16 decks)

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