7.1 Flashcards
self-concept
physical, psychological and social attributes
“Who am I?”
self-schema
related to self-concept
long-lasting, stable set of memories that summarizes a person’s beliefs, experiences, and generalization about themselves
personal versus social identity
personal - “smart” and “funny”
social - “female, AA, student, gender, occupation”
self-reference effect
we tend to remember information consistent with our self-schemas, easily incorporate this information
e.g. low score opposes self-concept
carl rogers
incongruity -> real self versus ideal self
three influences on individual’s self-concept
- self-efficacy - belief in one’s competence
- locus of control - internal/external - outcomes are due to internal/external forces
- self-esteem - overall self-evaluation of one’s self worth; not good in either extreme
Charles cooley
looking-glass self – sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions
George Herbert Mead (SI)
social behavioralism – mind and self emerge through communicating with others (use of symbols -> Symbolic Interactionism (mind and self emerge from social process of communication and use of cultural symbols) -> children imitate and play roles -> generalized other (common behavioral expectations) -> the ME and the I)
me - “social self”, how the individual believes the generalized other perceives it; self as SUBJECT; attitudes learned from interactions
I - response to the “me”; self as OBJECT, reacts to the self
“drink the mead and felt Suicidal Ideation”
socialization
how we learn to become productive members of society
- learn NORMS, attitudes, values, beliefs reinforced by culture
- how cultures pass its values from one generation to the next
formal/informal norms, mores, folkways
formal - laws, STRICTLY ENFORCED
informal - less precise, no specific punishments (e.g. shake hand of interviewer)
mores - norms that are highly important and STRICTLY ENFORCED (animal abuse)
folkways - norms that are less important; ex. style of dress, ways of greeting
taboo
result in disgust toward the violator
- violation leads to punishment (formal or non-formal methods)
- cannibalism, incest, and murder
social construct, NO UNIVERSAL TABOO
anomie
loss of social cohesion - minimal moral guidance or social ethic
NORMLESSNESS
Durkheim - disintegration of social bonds, individuals and communities, fragmentation of social identities in exchange for personal success
deviance
non-normative behavior, threatens social structure and cohesion, violate dominant social norms, often seen as criminal - violates public policies
results in 1. criminal justice, 2. unofficial social processes (humiliation and shame)
A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT
Edwin Sutherland - differential association
deviance is a LEARNED behavior - interaction between individual and community - the community condones deviant behavior - makes it easier to become deviant
Contacts with deviance OUTWEIGH contacts with non-favorable attitudes toward deviance
ENVIRONMENT, no choice
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION theory
fails to take into account individual’s characteristics and experiences
Howard Becker
LABELING theory (of deviance)
deviance is the result of society’s response to a person, rather than something inherent in his actions
deviance through social processes
internalize labels -> redefine concept of self -> self-fulfilling prophecies
agent of social control
attach stigmas to certain behaviors
Robert Merton
STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY - deviance is result of experienced strain, either individual or structural
existing social structures are inadequate, leading to pressure to use deviant methods
the lower class are more expected to use deviant methods of reaching economic success
useful at describing material, rather than social, goals – does not apply to malicious behaviors
collective behavior
3rd type: not normative or non-normative behavior
social norms are unclear
loss of individual and independent moral judgement, in exchange for a sense of the group
= mods, LiveStrong wristbands
defined by 4 main forms (Herbert Blumer)
Herbert Blumer’s 4 main forms of collective behavior
- Crowds
- publics
- masses
- social movements
Blumer -> BLUM -> 4 letters
crowds
a group that shares a purpose
- emotionally-driven (theatre, music)
- temporary loss of rational thought, crowd influences individual behaviors (herd behavior); not always irrational
- protests
- defined by CLOSENESS of the individuals
- Compact or diffuse
- Emotion-based (fear, happiness, anger)
- Panic -> bubbling up of fear
- mob -> heightened emotions and violent cause -> lynching
publics
- defined as a group of individuals discussing a SINGLE ISSUE
- sharing of ideas
mass
a group whose formation is prompted through efforts of mass media
- not necessarily close in proximity
- share common interests
social movements
collective behavior with the intention of promoting CHANGE
active movements: foster social change (revolution)
expressive movements: foster individual change (support group)
global versus local
old versus new
peaceful versus violent
…more
fad
aka craze
collective behavior (not described by Blumer)
defined by sudden rapid incline in reputation, repairs popular among a large population, experiences a rapid decline in reputation
trend
a longer lasting fad with widespread social change
mass hysteria
collective delusion of some threat, spreads out of control, a form of groupthink
reaction to medical problems or supernatural occurrences
moral panic - salem witch trial - threat to social order
moral panic - War of the Worlds - threat to social order
riots
crowd behavior WITHOUT A SPECIFIC END
Chaotic, disorganized due to sudden onset
+ vandalism and violence
General dissatisfaction
thought to be IRRATIONAL, but may be deduced as a response to a lack of basic needs (hunger riots) or governmental oppression, poor living conditions, racial or religious conflict, or other social issues
agents of socialization
social forces that influence our lives and development of culture
1) family
2) school
3) peer groups
4) workplace
5) religion/government
6) mass media/technology
cultures interacting
assimilation versus amalgamation (A + B + C = D) versus Multiculturalism (A + B + C -> A + B + C)
subculture
segment of society with a distinct pattern of tradition or values different from the larger society. defined by SLANG
Kohlberg -> 6 stages of moral development
Kohlberg -> expanded on Piaget
stages cannot be skipped
- “How can I avoid punishment?”
- “What’s in it for me?”
- “Will others like me?” - conformity
- “What am I supposed to do” - societal conventions
- “What is best for the general welfare?”
- “Is this grounded in justice?”
most reach stage 4
