4.4-4.6 Stress, Emotion, Language Flashcards
emotions
share similar physiological and behavioral responses
quickened HR and tears -> “joyful” or “fearful”
strongly biological we have six universal emotions
six universal emotions
- happiness
- sadness
- surprise
- disgust
- anger
- fear
Yerkes-Dodson
performance peaks in between low and high emotional arousal
purpose of emotion
- useful for quick decisions
- feeling of fear helps protect one from danger
- anger can enhance survival by encourage attack on an intruder
- embarrassment encourages social conformity
emotion is processed in the…
frontal cortex
imagining our emotional responses is also critical; we refrain from risky behaviors
three theories of emotion
they are interconnected
physiological - James-Lange - emotional responses comes after a physiological
behavioral
cognitive
James-Lange
stimulus -> physiological response -> emotion
true: breathing changes our emotional state; people with cervical spine damage experience less arousal and reduced emotions because they no longer perceive physiological arousal
problem: fear and sexual arousal originate from the same physiological states
Cannon-Bard
fear does not cause increased heart rate, increased heart rate does not cause fear
problem: the breathing problem
Schachter-Singer
we assess our physiological reaction with a cognitive interpretation, then create emotion
neuroscience of emotion
amygdala (identification and expression of fear and aggression), hypothalamus (controls physiological response - autonomic nervous system), prefrontal cortex (controls approach and avoidance)
memory and emotion
hippocampus forms memories, and associates with emotion
three types of stressors
- catastrophe -> PTSD
- significant life event -> several concurrent events create greater risk than single-stressful events
- daily hassles
learned helplessness
a lack in belief in one’s ability to manage a situation
PTSD (3 features)
- re-experiencing a traumatic event (flashbacks, nightmares)
- hyper-vigilance to one’s surroundings
- avoidance of situations related to stressful event
cortisol
hypothalamus secretes CRH, which stimulates pituitary gland to release ACTH, signals adrenal glands to release cortisol
shifts the body from using glucose towards using fat as an energy source
- triggered during long-term stress
emotional stress
= anger
can trigger cardiac events, or anxiety or depressive disorders -> negative mood, irritability
ways of handling stress
aerobic exercise; biofeedback (relaxation training, muscle relaxation, yoga, visual imagery); social support
three tropes in psychology
- behaviorist - taps into observable environmental factors as opposed to abstract mental states
- nativists - language is prewired in the brain, are RATIONALIST (some things cannot come from experience)
- materialist - all grand ideas, are metaphors for physical changes in the brain
B.F. Skinner
BEHAVIORIST (“behave based on skin color”)
conditioning - we do something to get something in return, like pulling a lever
reinforcement helps a baby acquire language (“ba-ttol”)
Chomsky
Universal grammar - innate ability to make grammatical distinctions WITHOUT BEING FORMALLY TAUGHT
“linguistic relativity hypothesis”
cognition is determined by the language one speaks
e.g. eskimos and snow (although this has been disputed)
Broca’s aphasia
dominant (left) side of brain, controls speech production
Broca = “babbling Broca”
Wernicke’s aphasia
comprehension of speech and written language (speech sounds normal but lacks syntax or meaning)
unaware of their mistakes
great difficulty understanding speech
