4.4-4.6 Stress, Emotion, Language

Question 1

emotions

Answer 1

share similar physiological and behavioral responses

quickened HR and tears -> “joyful” or “fearful”

strongly biological we have six universal emotions

Question 2

six universal emotions

Answer 2

1. happiness
2. sadness
3. surprise
4. disgust
5. anger
6. fear

Question 3

Yerkes-Dodson

Answer 3

performance peaks in between low and high emotional arousal

Question 4

purpose of emotion

Answer 4

• useful for quick decisions
• feeling of fear helps protect one from danger
• anger can enhance survival by encourage attack on an intruder
• embarrassment encourages social conformity

Question 5

emotion is processed in the…

Answer 5

frontal cortex

imagining our emotional responses is also critical; we refrain from risky behaviors

Question 6

three theories of emotion

Answer 6

they are interconnected

physiological - James-Lange - emotional responses comes after a physiological

behavioral

cognitive

Question 7

James-Lange

Answer 7

stimulus -> physiological response -> emotion

true: breathing changes our emotional state; people with cervical spine damage experience less arousal and reduced emotions because they no longer perceive physiological arousal
problem: fear and sexual arousal originate from the same physiological states

Question 8

Cannon-Bard

Answer 8

fear does not cause increased heart rate, increased heart rate does not cause fear

problem: the breathing problem

Question 9

Schachter-Singer

Answer 9

we assess our physiological reaction with a cognitive interpretation, then create emotion

Question 10

neuroscience of emotion

Answer 10

amygdala (identification and expression of fear and aggression), hypothalamus (controls physiological response - autonomic nervous system), prefrontal cortex (controls approach and avoidance)

Question 11

memory and emotion

Answer 11

hippocampus forms memories, and associates with emotion

Question 12

three types of stressors

Answer 12

1. catastrophe -> PTSD
2. significant life event -> several concurrent events create greater risk than single-stressful events
3. daily hassles

Question 13

learned helplessness

Answer 13

a lack in belief in one’s ability to manage a situation

Question 14

PTSD (3 features)

Answer 14

• re-experiencing a traumatic event (flashbacks, nightmares)
• hyper-vigilance to one’s surroundings
• avoidance of situations related to stressful event

Question 15

cortisol

Answer 15

hypothalamus secretes CRH, which stimulates pituitary gland to release ACTH, signals adrenal glands to release cortisol

shifts the body from using glucose towards using fat as an energy source

• triggered during long-term stress

Question 16

emotional stress

Answer 16

= anger

can trigger cardiac events, or anxiety or depressive disorders -> negative mood, irritability

Question 17

ways of handling stress

Answer 17

aerobic exercise; biofeedback (relaxation training, muscle relaxation, yoga, visual imagery); social support

Question 18

three tropes in psychology

Answer 18

1. behaviorist - taps into observable environmental factors as opposed to abstract mental states
2. nativists - language is prewired in the brain, are RATIONALIST (some things cannot come from experience)
3. materialist - all grand ideas, are metaphors for physical changes in the brain

Question 19

B.F. Skinner

Answer 19

BEHAVIORIST (“behave based on skin color”)

conditioning - we do something to get something in return, like pulling a lever

reinforcement helps a baby acquire language (“ba-ttol”)

Question 20

Chomsky

Answer 20

Universal grammar - innate ability to make grammatical distinctions WITHOUT BEING FORMALLY TAUGHT

Question 21

“linguistic relativity hypothesis”

Answer 21

cognition is determined by the language one speaks

e.g. eskimos and snow (although this has been disputed)

Question 22

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 22

dominant (left) side of brain, controls speech production

Broca = “babbling Broca”

Question 23

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 23

comprehension of speech and written language (speech sounds normal but lacks syntax or meaning)

unaware of their mistakes

great difficulty understanding speech