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PR - Psychology/Sociology > 7.2 > Flashcards

7.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

attribution theory (D and S) IMPORTANT

C-D-C

A

how we view behavior of others and ourselves

dispositional attribution - internal

situational attribution - external

consistency - is anger consist with how he typically acts? if so, caused by internal disposition.

distinctiveness - is the anger directed just at you? if everyone, then dispositional, if just you, could be situational

consensus - is your friend the only angry one? if not, then it could be situational (the whole team lost, everybody is angry)

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2
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tend to underestimate the impact of SITUATION and overestimate the internal (dispositional) character or personality

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3
Q

actor-observer bias v. self-serving bias

A

actor-observer: we blame our bad actions on situations, blame others bad actions on dispositions (personalities)

tendency to attribute success to ourselves and our failures to others

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4
Q

optimism bias

A

bad things happen to others, not to us

we WANT to believe life is fair

we are OPTIMISTIC about ourselves, PESSIMISTIC about others

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5
Q

attributional biases (DRAW TABLE - p. 248)

A
  1. fundamental attribution error
  2. actor-observer bias
  3. self-serving bias (student -> “SSS”)
  4. optimism bias - bad things happen to others, not us (“we’re so optimistic, we never get sick”)

see ALL p. 248

physical attractiveness stereotype

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6
Q

just world phenomenon

A

tendency to believe the world is fair and people get what they deserve. bad things happen to others = result of their actions/failures to act, not because “bad things happen to good people”

good things - we deserve it

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7
Q

halo effect

A

people are inherently good or bad, rather than individual characteristics
- one good assumption needs to another positive assumption (concrete leads to ambiguous)

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8
Q

false consensus, projection bias

A
  • false belief that other agree with what we do

- assume others have the same beliefs we do

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9
Q

prejudice

A

thoughts, attitudes, or feeling about a group NOT BASED on actual experience

overt or subtle (black names)

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10
Q

stereotypes

A

over-simplified ideas about groups of people, based on a characteristic (race, gender, sexual orientation, etc)

can be positive or negative

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11
Q

three components of attitudes

A

affect (feeling), behaviors, cognition

prejudice is an attitude

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12
Q

illusory correlation

A

all black people are athletic because of a small group of athletic black people

a relationship is perceived between variables even when no such relationship exists

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13
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief leads to actions that encourage that (false) belief

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14
Q

stereotype threat

A

explains why there are fewer women in math and engineering

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15
Q

ethnocentrism

cultural relativism

A

judging another culture based on one’s own culture

judging a culture based on its standards

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16
Q

group

A

people who INTERACT with each other regularly

share similar norms, values, and expectations

the setting for social interaction and influence; groups help define social roles and status

Primary (emotional needs) and Secondary (pragmatic needs - instrumental function, short-lived)

opposite of group - aggregate

category - people who are studying for the MCAT; people who are similar but not yet united

17
Q

bureaucracy (5 aspects)

A

administrative body, WEBER believe it is necessary

  1. covers a fixed area of activity
  2. hierarchically organized
  3. workers have expert training in an area of specialty
  4. organizational rank is impersonal, advancement depends on technical qualification (not favoritism)
  5. workers follow set procedures to increase predictability and efficiency

RATIONALIZATION - tasks are broken down into component parts (e.g. assembly line)

18
Q

George Ritzer (sociologist)

A

uniform results in all McDonalds branches = rationalization

  1. efficiency
  2. calculability
  3. predictability
  4. control
19
Q

downsides of bureaucracy

A
  1. bad at adapting to change
  2. overly attached to individual tasks
  3. bad at responding to new challenges on an interpersonal level

The Iron Law of Oligarchy -> increased centralization of tasks; everyone fights to defend their position and control over their task

20
Q

mere presence effect

aka. social facilitation

A

people perform better when other people are present

stronger preference for color

walk faster in crowds

does not hold true for more complex tasks

arousal - depends on if something activate a dominant response (shooting hoops for a professional = good)

overwhelming fear -> reduces performance

21
Q

HIGH arousal, LOW responsibility (name 3 factors)

A

LOSS of self-awareness, loss of restraint, mob mentality = INCREASE in DEINDIVIDUATION

mosh pits, atrocities in war

  1. group size: larger groups = more anonymity
  2. physical anonymity = facepaint, masks, costumes
  3. arousing activities = escalate

also, 4. alcohol

22
Q

bystander effect

A

diffusion of responsibility

fewer people -> more likely response

social loafing -> clapping less in a large audience, the “free ride” idea -> companies evaluate individual performance

23
Q

group polarization

A

groups tend to intensify preexisting views of its members - people take on a more extreme view than before discussion

  • members of an environmental political party end up with stronger opinions than previous held by the average member

increases DIFFICULTY of group negotiation

24
Q

2 reasons for group polarization

A
  1. informational influence - ideas that favor the dominant viewpoint - persuade others to take a stronger stance toward this viewpoint (NEED BETTER EXPLANATION)
  2. normative influence = social desirability, wanting to be accepted by others
25
Q

Groupthink (4 symptoms)

A

don’t “rock the boat”

  1. overly optimistic about the group’s capabilities, unquestioned belief in its stances
  2. increasingly extreme in justifying its decision/demonizing its opponents
  3. MINDGUARDING - filtering out information/facts that go against the group
  4. pressure to conform - self-censoring of opinions in favor of consensus - the Illusion of unanimity
26
Q

stigmas

A

demeaning labels for deviants (mentally ill, obese)

label examples = felon, fob

27
Q

two experiments about influence on conformity/obedience

A

Solomon Asch -> peer pressure -> line experiments (choose to be wrong, rather than answering correctly) -> desire to CONFORM

Stanley Migram -> “milgram of shocks” -> obedience and power of authority

28
Q

behavior influenced by social influences (3 ways)

A
  1. compliance - seek reward, avoid punishment -> easy to extinguish if rewards/punishments are removed
  2. identification -> behavior motivated by the desire to be like another person or group.
  3. internalization -> internalized behavior is motivated by values/beliefs integrated in one’s value system (The strongest motivation of the three) (WHY IS THIS AN EXAMPLE??)
29
Q

normative social influence

A

motivation for compliance is the desire for approval of others and avoidance of rejection

“I want to be liked and accepted”

Ex. somebody who joins the Nazi party, but doesn’t believe in it

-> public compliance, not necessarily private acceptance of social norms

30
Q

informational social influence

A

compliance because we want to do the right thing and because “others know something I don’t know”

  • obvious authority figure, new situations, ambiguity
31
Q

conformity is influenced by 6 factors

A
  1. group size (larger = more effect)
  2. unanimity: strong pressure not to dissent
  3. cohesion: strong group ties
  4. status: higher-status = more influence
  5. accountability: people tend to conform when they must be held responsible for their opinions
  6. No prior commitment: people tend to stick to their public commitments

PR - Psychology/Sociology (16 decks)

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