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Honors Bio > 8.1 > Flashcards

8.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What disease was Griffith researching?

A

b. Pneumonia

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2
Q

What term did Griffith use to describe the process of one strain of bacteria acquiring a ‘factor’ from another?

A

a. Transformation

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3
Q

What were the outcomes of Griffith’s experiments with the Smooth Strain and Rough Strain?

A

Mouse dies for Smooth Strain; Mouse lives for Rough Strain

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4
Q

Why did the Rough Strain become deadly when combined with the Heat Killed Smooth Strain?

A

The rough strain picked up genetic material/traits of the deadly strain

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5
Q

What components could have been passed from one bacteria type to the other in Griffith’s experiments?

A
  • Proteins
  • DNA
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The combination of Rough Strain and Heat Killed Smooth Strain resulted in the mouse _______.

A

Mouse dies

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7
Q

True or False: Both the Rough Strain and the Heat Killed Smooth Strain did not kill the infected mouse.

A

True

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8
Q

Who were the researchers involved in the study of DNA structure and function?

A
  • Frederick Griffith
  • Oswald Avery
  • Alfred Hershey
  • Martha Chase
  • James Watson
  • Francis Crick
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9
Q

What was the goal of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty in their experiment?

A

To determine if protein or DNA was the transforming factor responsible for heredity

They aimed to find the ‘transforming factor’ in Griffith’s experiment.

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10
Q

What happens to transformation when proteins are destroyed with enzymes?

A

Transformation still occurs

This indicates that proteins are not the transforming factor.

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11
Q

What happens to transformation when RNA is destroyed with enzymes?

A

Transformation still occurs

This shows that RNA is not essential for transformation.

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12
Q

What happens to transformation when DNA is destroyed with enzymes?

A

No transformation occurs

This demonstrates that DNA is the key transforming factor.

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13
Q

Which molecule is responsible for transformation?

A

DNA

Transformation stopped when DNA was destroyed, indicating its critical role.

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14
Q

What was the scientific community’s initial reaction to Avery’s findings?

A

Scientists were still skeptical that DNA was responsible for heredity

This skepticism persisted despite Avery’s discoveries.

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15
Q

Why did scientists doubt DNA as the cell’s genetic material?

A

They believed DNA was too simple to account for complex traits

This perception affected the acceptance of DNA’s role in heredity.

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16
Q

In the Hershey-Chase experiment, what was the independent variable?

A

The element being tagged

This refers to whether the DNA or protein was labeled with radioactive markers.

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17
Q

In the Hershey-Chase experiment, what was the dependent variable?

A

Whether or not radioactivity was found

This indicated if the labeled component entered the bacteria.

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18
Q

What was the result when bacteria were infected with DNA-marked viruses in Phase 1?

A

Bacteria contained 32P

This shows that DNA was present in the bacteria after infection.

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19
Q

What was the result when bacteria were infected with protein-marked viruses in Phase 1?

A

Bacteria contained no markers

This indicates that the protein coat did not enter the bacteria.

20
Q

What claim can you make about the virus’s genetic material based on the experiment?

A

Nucleic acids were present inside the cells

This supports the conclusion that DNA is the genetic material of the virus.

21
Q

What are Chargaff’s Rules?

A

Rule 1: in any double strand DNA, the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine.

Rule 2: The relative amount of these bases varies from one species to the next, accounting for genomic diversity.

22
Q

What does Rule 1 state about the base pairings in DNA?

A

The number of guanine equals the number of cytosine, and the number of adenine equals the number of thymine.

23
Q

How does Rule 2 relate to genomic diversity?

A

The relative amounts of guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine vary from one species to the next.

24
Q

What is the approximate % of G if a species has approximately 31% C?

25
Q

What is the approximate % of A and T if a species has approximately 31% C?

26
Q

What pairing occurs between the bases in DNA according to Watson and Crick?

A

A pairs with T and G pairs with C.

27
Q

What important structural feature of DNA was identified by Watson and Crick?

A

DNA is composed of two strands that form a double helix.

28
Q

True or False: The nucleotide bases in DNA are arranged like ladder rungs.

29
Q

What did Watson and Crick learn from Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray crystallography photo of DNA?

A

Phosphates must be on the outside of a DNA molecule.

30
Q

What is the significance of the strands being antiparallel in DNA?

A

The two strands run in opposite directions.

31
Q

What is the relationship between the amounts of A and T in DNA?

A

The amount of A always equals the amount of T.

32
Q

What is the relationship between the amounts of C and G in DNA?

A

The amount of C always equals the amount of G.

33
Q

Fill in the blank: The DNA strands form a _______.

A

double helix

34
Q

According to Chargaff’s Rules, what is the relationship between the %GC content and the base pairings?

A

The %G should equal %C and the %A should equal %T.

35
Q

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenous base

Each nucleotide consists of these three components.

36
Q

Which base pairs are found in DNA?

A

Adenine = Thymine, Guanine = Cytosine

These base pairs are essential for the structure of DNA.

37
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases in DNA?

A

Thymine, Cytosine

Pyrimidines have a single ring structure.

38
Q

What are the purine bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine

Purines have a double ring structure.

39
Q

What type of bond holds the nucleotides together to create the sugar/phosphate backbone?

A

Covalent

Covalent bonds are strong and provide structural integrity.

40
Q

What type of bond connects the base pairs to hold the two strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen

Hydrogen bonds are weaker, allowing strands to separate during replication.

41
Q

Which bond is weaker, covalent or hydrogen?

A

Hydrogen

This weakness facilitates the mechanism for copying DNA.

42
Q

What does it mean for DNA strands to be antiparallel?

A

They run in opposite directions

This orientation is crucial for replication and function.

43
Q

What are the carbon positions in a nucleotide where nucleotides are bonded?

A

Between 3’ and 5’ carbons

This directional bonding is essential for DNA structure.

44
Q

Fill in the blank: The nitrogenous base pairs adenine and thymine are connected by _______.

A

Hydrogen bonds

These bonds are crucial for the stability of the DNA molecule.

45
Q

True or False: RNA contains thymine as one of its bases.

A

False

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

46
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

The double helix structure is vital for its function.

47
Q

What is the role of uracil in RNA?

A

It replaces thymine found in DNA

Uracil pairs with adenine in RNA.

Honors Bio (24 decks)

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