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Musculoskeletal System > 8. Tendon and Ligament > Flashcards

8. Tendon and Ligament Flashcards

1
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUES are VITAL to FUNCTIONING of the…

A

JOINTS

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2
Q

there are 6 MAJOR TYPES of of connective tissues:

A
  • LOOSE connective tissue
  • FIBROUS connective tissue
  • BONE
  • ADIPOSE TISSUE
  • CARTILAGE
    -BLOOD
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3
Q

what does TENDON do

A

LINK MUSCLE to BONE

  • transmits FORCE for MOVEMENT

Not all tendons are required to perform the same functional role

there are
ENERGY-STORING TENDONS & POSITIONAL TENDONS

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4
Q

what is the ROLE of a LIGAMENT

A

LINKS BONE to BONE

  • ASSISTS in STABILISATION of JOINT
  • PREVENTS EXCESSIVE MOTION
  • RESTRICTS MOVEMENT

also ABSORBS SHOCK

(high tensile strength)

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5
Q

what is it called when a TENDON is TORN/OVERSTRETCHED

A

STRAIN

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6
Q

what is it called when a LIGAMENT is TORN/OVERSTRETCHED

A

SPRAIN

(ACL commonly injured)

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7
Q

how is COLLAGEN in TENDONS/LIGAMENTS HIGHLY ORGANISED

A

collagen molecule

-> COLLAGEN FIBRILS

-> COLLAGEN FIBRES

-> COLLAGEN FASCICLE

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8
Q

in TENDONS/LIGAMENTS what can you find around the collagen FASCICLES (2)

A

EPITENON / EPILIGAMENT
- loose connective tissue surrounding fascicles

INTERFASCICULAR MATRIX

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9
Q

how are FIBROBLASTS arranges in LIGAMENT

A

DISPERSED in LIGAMENT MATRIX and OUTER VASCULAR EPITENON layer

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10
Q

TENDON VS LIGAMENT
TENDON:

(links?
elastic?
how are fibres arranged?
cells?
ECM composition)

A

BONE TO MUSCLE

NON-ELASTIC and TOUGH

collagen fibres as COMPACT, PARALLEL bundles

TENOCYTE cells

ECM: TYPE 1 COLLAGEN
PROTEOGLYCANS
ELASTIN

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11
Q

TENDON VS LIGAMENT
LIGAMENT:

(links?
elastic?
how are fibres arranged?
cells?
ECM composition)

A

BONE TO BONE

ELASTIC and STRONG

CROSS-CONNECTING, COMPACT collagen bundles
(non-parallel)

LIGAMENTOCYTE cells

ECM: TYPE 1 COLLAGEN
PROTEOGLYCANS
ELASTIN

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12
Q

ECM in both TENDONS and LIGAMENTS consists of

A

TYPE 1 COLLAGEN
PROTEOGLYCANS
ELASTIN

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13
Q

how does the ECM COMPOSITION in LIGAMENTS DIFFER to in TENDONS

A
  • MORE PROTEOGLYCAN
  • MORE ELASTIN
  • mixed cell morphology
  • MORE CARTILAGINOUS PROTEINS
    eg. TYPE II COLLAGEN, AGGRECAN
  • LESS COMPACT
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14
Q

TENDONS DEVELOPMENT can be Organised into 3 AREAS

A
  • HEAD tendons
  • AXIAL tendons
  • LIMB tendons

all originate from different things in embryology

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15
Q

where do AXIAL TENDONS ORIGINATE from

A

SOMITES

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16
Q

where do HEAD TENDONS ORIGINATE from

A

NEURAL CREST CELLS

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17
Q

where do LIMB TENDONS ORIGINATE from

A

LIMB LATERAL PLATE

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18
Q

how does MUSCLE DEPENDENCY VARY in DIFFERENT TENDONS:

HEAD AND LIMB TENDONS:

A
  • tendons INITIATE development INDEPENDENTLY
  • FUTHER DEVELOPMENT REQUIRES A MUSCLE
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19
Q

how does MUSCLE DEPENDENCY VARY in DIFFERENT TENDONS:

AXIAL TENDONS:

A

INITIATION REQUIRES A MUSCLE

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20
Q

what is SCX in TENDON&LIGAMENT DEVELOPMENT

and how is the expression

A

the EARLIEST KNOWN MARKER of tendon/ligament DEVELOPMENT

REGULATES downstream TENDON-RELATED GENES during development

  • EXPRESSION DECREASES after BIRTH
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21
Q

what do Egr1 and Mkx do in TENDON DEVELOPMENT

And how is the expression

A

SUPPORT DIFFERENTIATION
( from MESENCHYMAL CELLS to TENOCYTES to TENDON)

EXPRESSION PERSISTS THROUGHOUT POSTNATAL MATURATION
- important for tissue maintenance in adult life

22
Q

how are FORCES APPLIED in TENDONS VS in LIGAMENTS

A

TENDONS: UNIAXIAL
acts in only 1 DIRECTION

LIGAMENT: forces may be applied in a number of directions depending on the range of motion of the associated joint

23
Q

TENDONS and LIGAMENTS are…
(behaviour)

A

VISCOELASTIC

  • VISCOUS and ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR
    (the material to some extent both behaves like a liquid and a solid material, and that it has a time-dependent strain)
24
Q

how is VISCOELASTICITY REPRESENTED

A

in a STRESS AND STRAIN CURVE

25
Q

In a STRESS & STRAIN CURVE
what happens BEYOND 2% STRAIN

A

CRIMPLED FIBRES are STRAIGHTENED

26
Q

In a STRESS & STRAIN CURVE
what happens LESS THAN 4% STRAIN

A

Tendon/Ligament RETURNS TO ORIGINAL LENGTH when unloaded

27
Q

In a STRESS & STRAIN CURVE
what happens BETWEEN 4%-8%

A

COLLAGEN FIBRES begin to SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER
as CROSS LINKS start to FAIL

  • MICROSCOPIC FAILURE

(PARTIAL RUPTURE)

28
Q

In a STRESS & STRAIN CURVE
what happens ABOVE 8% STRAIN

A

MACROSCOPIC FAILURE
(visible)

29
Q

VISCOUS is..

A

TIME-DEPENDENT

30
Q

3 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS of VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES of tendons:

A
  • STRESS RELAXTION
    time-dependent DECREASE in load
    ability to REDUCE STRESS over time
  • CREEP
    time-dependent DEFORMATION under constant LOAD
    ability to increase elongation strain
  • HYSTERESIS
    UNLOADING and LOADING CURVES are DIFFERENT- can measure by difference in curves
    difference represents amount of ENERGY RELEASED in loading/unloading
31
Q

tendons and ligaments are … responsive, meaning

A

MECHANO-RESPONSIVE

can ADAPT to altered MECHANICAL LOADING

32
Q

Tendons & ligaments are LARGELY MADE UP OF..

A

COLLAGEN

33
Q

how many different types of COLLAGEN

A

At least 28

34
Q

what is COLLAGEN MADE UP OF / STRUCTURE

A

AMINO ACIDS

Wound to form TRIPLE HELIX - 3 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS

which are ALLIGNED in ELONGATED FIBRILS (there are also non-fibrillar collagens)

35
Q

AMINO ACID repeats in COLLAGEN

A

GLYCINE (Gly)
PROLINE (X)
HYDROXY PROLINE / HYDROXY LYSINE (Y)

36
Q

where is TYPE I COLLAGEN FOUND

A

BONE
SKIN
TENDONS/LIGAMENTS

37
Q

Swhere is TYPE II COLLAGEN FOUND

A

CARTILAGE

38
Q

where is TYPE III COLLAGEN FOUND

A

EXTENSIBLE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- SKIN
- LUNG
- VASCULAR SYSTEM

39
Q

IMPORTANT ROLES of COLLAGEN

A
  • Principle SOURCE of TENSILE STRENGTH
  • MAINTAINING TISSUE STRUCTURE and FUNCTION
  • Cell ADHESION
  • CHEMOTAXIS
  • Cell MIGRATION
  • TISSUE REMODELLING during GROWTH
  • WOUND HEALING
40
Q

ALLIGNMENTS of COLLAGEN in
tendon/ligament:
annulus fibrosus:
meniscus:

A

tendon/ligament:
UNIDIRECTIONAL (1 direction)

annulus fibrosus:
INTRA-LAMELLAR (x)
meniscus:
INTERSPERSED

41
Q

example of a COLLAGEN ABNORMALITIES (3)

A

SCURVY
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
EHLERS DANOS SYNDROME

42
Q

COLLAGEN ABNORMALITY: SCURVY

what is the CAUSE of SCURVY, and what are the effects

A
  • LACK OF VITAMIN C
  • vitamin C required as a CO-FACTOR in COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS (hydroxylation)
  • FRAGILE CAPILLARIES, abnormal BLEEDING, BRUISING, internal HAEMORRHAGING
  • TEETH LOOSEN, BONES BREAK EASILY
43
Q

COLLAGEN ABNORMALITY: OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

CAUSE? EFFECT?

A

problem with CONNECTIVE TISSUE due to LACK OF TYPE I COLLAGEN
due to MUTATION in TYPE I COLLAGEN

  • mainly affect BONES (break easily)
  • JOINT HYPERMOBILITY,
    SKIN HYPERLAXITY (can be stretched),
    BLUE SCLERA (white part of the eye (sclera) has a blue, gray or purplish tint),
    DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (disorder of tooth development)
44
Q

COLLAGEN ABNORMALITY: EHLERS DANOS SYNDROME

CAUSE? EFFECT?

A
  • group of disorders that effect CONNECTIVE TISSUE

due to MUTATIONS in TYPE 5 COLLAGEN

  • JOINT HYPERMOBILITY, SKIN FRAGILITY (&stretchy)
45
Q

what do PROTEOGLYCANS do (3)

A
  • Contribute to the FIBRIL and FIBRE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
  • Interact with collagen fibres to YIELD VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES
  • Role in COLLAGEN FIBRILOGENESIS and ORGANISATION
46
Q

when are PROTEOGLYCANS INCREASED

A

In INJURY

(tissue swelling)

47
Q

what results from LACK of PROTEOGLYCANS (ABSENCE of BIOGLYCAN and FIBROMODULIN)
leads to…
leads to..

A

ALTERED COLLAGEN FIBRILS in the tendons

-> JOINT INSTABILITY

-> ABNORMAL GAIT, ECTOPIC OSSIFICATION, OSTEOARTHRITIS

48
Q

3 CRITICAL ROLES of ELASTIC FIBRES

A
  • important MECHANICAL PROPERTIES in tissue elastic RECOIL and RESILIENCE
  • REGULATION of CELL FUNCTION
  • REGULATION of ACTIVITY of the GROWTH FACTOR TGF-BETA FAMILY
49
Q

what were found to be localised between collagen FASCICLES

A

FIBRILLIN-1 and FIBRILLIN-2

(Elastin mainly at IFM region and co-localised with fibrillin 1and 2)

50
Q

in human tendon what has FIBRILLIN-1 been associated with

A

TYPE 6 COLLAGEN

51
Q

INCREASE in TEAR SIZE (INJURY) links to INCREASE In… (2)

A
  • TYPE 6 COLLAGEN
  • FIBRILLIN-1
52
Q

what is the name of the DISORDER of the CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is caused by MUTATION in the FIBRILLIN-1 (FNBN1) GENE

& its effects

A

MARFAN SYNDROME

  • Tall and Thin with long arms, legs, fingers and toes
  • Flexible joints and scoliosis
  • Abnormalities of the heart and the aorta

Musculoskeletal System (18 decks)

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