02. VERTEBRAL COLUMN (HARC)

Question 1

what are the BONES and numbers of each in the VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Answer 1

7,12,5,5,3/4

7 CERVICAL
12 THORACIC
5 LUMBAR
5 SACREAL
3/4 COCCYGEAL

Question 2

what is the WEIGHT-BEARING part of the VERTEBRAL COLUMN BONE

Answer 2

BODY

(gets larger as you go down - more weight)

Question 3

what are the 2 PROCESSES in a VERTEBRAL COLUMN BONE

Answer 3

TRANSVERSE PROCESS (one on each side - 2)

SPINOUS PROCESS (sticks out posteriorly)

Question 4

NAME of part on VERTEBRAL BONE that ATTACHES the BODY and TRANSVERSE PROCESS

Answer 4

PEDICLE

(one on each side)

Question 5

NAME of part on VERTEBRAL BONE that ATTACHES the TRANSVERSE PROCESS and the SPINOUS PROCESS

Answer 5

LAMINA

Question 6

middle area of the VERTEBRAL BONE is and what does it do

Answer 6

VERTEBRAL FORAMEN

• stack on top of each other to form VERTEBRAL CANAL

Question 7

name of the DISC between the BODIES of VERTEBRA

Answer 7

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

(‘slip disc’)

Question 8

name of the SYNOVIAL JOINT in the VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Answer 8

ZYGAPOPHYSIAL JOINT

POSTERIORLY

(for movement - flexion, extension)

Question 9

how are FEATURES in VERTEBRA in each REGION

Answer 9

different in each region

Question 10

what do VERTEBRA in CERVICAL REGION have

Answer 10

• TRANSVERSE PROCESS SPLIT INTO 2 :
  ANTERIOR TUBERCLE
  POSTERIOR TUBERCLE
• FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM
  defining feature (holes in transverse process)
  for PASSAGE of VERTEBRAL ARTERY
• BIFID SPINOUS PROCESS - 2
• SMALL BODY
• LARGER VERTEBRAL FORAMEN (thicker spinal cord)

Question 11

what is the FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM in the CERVICAL VERTEBRA for passage of..

Answer 11

PASSAGE of VERTEBRAL ARTERY

travels up the neck through the foramen transversarium,
into foramen magnum to supply brain

Question 12

how is the structure of the THORACIC VERTEBRA / what do they have

Answer 12

• COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT
  on BODY
• COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINT
  on TRANSVERSE PROCESS
• LONG, INFERIORLY POINTING SPINOUS PROCESS

Question 13

how is the structure of the LUMBAR VERTEBRA

Answer 13

• LARGE BODY
• SQUARE, STOUT SPINOUS PROCESS

Question 14

how is the ZYGOPOPHYSIAL JOINT in the CERVICAL region?
how does this impact the movement?

Answer 14

SLOPED from anterior to posterior (downwards)
- small amount of flexion, extension (movement)

Question 15

how is the ZYGOPOPHYSIAL JOINT in the THORACIC region?
how does this impact the movement?

Answer 15

VERTICAL
- not much movement, limits flexion/extension

Question 16

how is the ZYGOPOPHYSIAL JOINT in the LUMBAR region?
how does this impact the movement?

Answer 16

CURVED & WRAPPED
- LOTS of movement in abdominal region

Question 17

what are the NAMES given for C1 and C2

(both are different from other vertebra)

Answer 17

C1: ATLAS
C2: AXIS

Question 18

ATLAS (C1) FEATURES

Answer 18

directly below the skull - holds skull

• NO BODY
• ANTERIOR ARCH
• POSTERIOR ARCH
• FAECET for OCCIPITAL CONDYLE (articulates with occipital bone)

still has foramen transversarium

Question 19

AXIS (C2) DISTINCT FEATURE and what is it for

Answer 19

DEN’S PROCESS
(sticking out above)

ANTERIOR ARCH of ATLAS(C1) SLOTS OVER the DEN’S PROCESS of AXIS (C2)

• SECURED by TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT of AXIS

Question 20

how are the 5 SACRAL VERTEBRA and what does this mean

Answer 20

FUSED TOGETHER

no movement

Question 21

what do the SPINAL NERVES EMERGE from in the SACRUM

Answer 21

ANTERIOR SACRAL FORAMINA
and
POSTERIOR SACRAL FORAMINA

Question 22

what do we have to SECURE/ STABILISE the VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Answer 22

LIGAMENTS

Question 23

Name of LIGAMENT that ATTACHES to SPINOUS PROCESSES

Answer 23

SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT

(prevent over-flexion of back)

Question 24

name of LIGAMENT in NECK REGION that ATTACHES to the BACK of the SKULL

Answer 24

LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE

(expanded)
(keeps head looking forward rather than down)

Question 25

what is the role of the LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM

(flavum = yellow)

Answer 25

PULLING VERTEBRAE TOGETHER

ELASTIC

Question 26

ROLE of SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT and INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENTS

Answer 26

PREVENT OVER-FLEXION of the BACK

Question 27

ROLE of the ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT

Answer 27

PREVENTS OVER-EXTENSION of back

Question 28

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS (between bodies of vertebra) are which types of JOINT

Answer 28

SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

• FIBROCARTILAGE

Question 29

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC has 2 PARTS:
around edge?
middle?

Answer 29

around edge: ANNULUS FIBROSIS
prevents movement, twisting, coming apart

middle: NUCLEUS PULPOSUS

Question 30

what is the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS of the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC and what does it do

Answer 30

GELATINOUS CORE

allows WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION THROUGHOUT the DISC
shock absorption

Question 31

what is the ANNULUS FIBROSIS of the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC made of

Answer 31

FIBROCARTILAGE

Question 32

what does the ANNULUS FIBROSIS (thick outer layer) of the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC do

Answer 32

PREVENT OVER-ROTATION

Question 33

which VERTEBRA’S SPINOUS PROCESS can you feel a the back of NECK when flexed
and name given for it?

what can you feel below it

Answer 33

C7 - VERTEBRAL PROMINENCE

feel T1 below

Question 34

SACRAL DIMPLES in back mark which vertebra’s spinous process

Answer 34

S2

Question 35

in embryology
where is the PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTRE in the VERTEBRA?

Answer 35

in PEDICLES

Question 36

in embryology
where are the SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTRES in the VERTEBRA? (3)

Answer 36

for HEIGHT:
formed around EDGE of BODY

in TRANSVERSE PROCESS & SPINOUS PROCESS for ELONGATION of them

Question 37

2 CURVATURES of the SPINE
PRIMARY:
SECONDARY:
(names)

Answer 37

primary: KYPHOSIS
secondary: LORDOSIS