02. VERTEBRAL COLUMN (HARC) Flashcards
what are the BONES and numbers of each in the VERTEBRAL COLUMN
7,12,5,5,3/4
7 CERVICAL
12 THORACIC
5 LUMBAR
5 SACREAL
3/4 COCCYGEAL
what is the WEIGHT-BEARING part of the VERTEBRAL COLUMN BONE
BODY
(gets larger as you go down - more weight)
what are the 2 PROCESSES in a VERTEBRAL COLUMN BONE
TRANSVERSE PROCESS (one on each side - 2)
SPINOUS PROCESS (sticks out posteriorly)
NAME of part on VERTEBRAL BONE that ATTACHES the BODY and TRANSVERSE PROCESS
PEDICLE
(one on each side)
NAME of part on VERTEBRAL BONE that ATTACHES the TRANSVERSE PROCESS and the SPINOUS PROCESS
LAMINA
middle area of the VERTEBRAL BONE is and what does it do
VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
- stack on top of each other to form VERTEBRAL CANAL
name of the DISC between the BODIES of VERTEBRA
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
(‘slip disc’)
name of the SYNOVIAL JOINT in the VERTEBRAL COLUMN
ZYGAPOPHYSIAL JOINT
POSTERIORLY
(for movement - flexion, extension)
how are FEATURES in VERTEBRA in each REGION
different in each region
what do VERTEBRA in CERVICAL REGION have
- TRANSVERSE PROCESS SPLIT INTO 2 :
ANTERIOR TUBERCLE
POSTERIOR TUBERCLE - FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM
defining feature (holes in transverse process)
for PASSAGE of VERTEBRAL ARTERY - BIFID SPINOUS PROCESS - 2
- SMALL BODY
- LARGER VERTEBRAL FORAMEN (thicker spinal cord)
what is the FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM in the CERVICAL VERTEBRA for passage of..
PASSAGE of VERTEBRAL ARTERY
travels up the neck through the foramen transversarium,
into foramen magnum to supply brain
how is the structure of the THORACIC VERTEBRA / what do they have
- COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT
on BODY - COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINT
on TRANSVERSE PROCESS - LONG, INFERIORLY POINTING SPINOUS PROCESS
how is the structure of the LUMBAR VERTEBRA
- LARGE BODY
- SQUARE, STOUT SPINOUS PROCESS
how is the ZYGOPOPHYSIAL JOINT in the CERVICAL region?
how does this impact the movement?
SLOPED from anterior to posterior (downwards)
- small amount of flexion, extension (movement)
how is the ZYGOPOPHYSIAL JOINT in the THORACIC region?
how does this impact the movement?
VERTICAL
- not much movement, limits flexion/extension
how is the ZYGOPOPHYSIAL JOINT in the LUMBAR region?
how does this impact the movement?
CURVED & WRAPPED
- LOTS of movement in abdominal region
what are the NAMES given for C1 and C2
(both are different from other vertebra)
C1: ATLAS
C2: AXIS
ATLAS (C1) FEATURES
directly below the skull - holds skull
- NO BODY
- ANTERIOR ARCH
- POSTERIOR ARCH
- FAECET for OCCIPITAL CONDYLE (articulates with occipital bone)
still has foramen transversarium
AXIS (C2) DISTINCT FEATURE and what is it for
DEN’S PROCESS
(sticking out above)
ANTERIOR ARCH of ATLAS(C1) SLOTS OVER the DEN’S PROCESS of AXIS (C2)
- SECURED by TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT of AXIS
how are the 5 SACRAL VERTEBRA and what does this mean
FUSED TOGETHER
no movement
what do the SPINAL NERVES EMERGE from in the SACRUM
ANTERIOR SACRAL FORAMINA
and
POSTERIOR SACRAL FORAMINA
what do we have to SECURE/ STABILISE the VERTEBRAL COLUMN
LIGAMENTS
Name of LIGAMENT that ATTACHES to SPINOUS PROCESSES
SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT
(prevent over-flexion of back)
name of LIGAMENT in NECK REGION that ATTACHES to the BACK of the SKULL
LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE
(expanded)
(keeps head looking forward rather than down)
what is the role of the LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM
(flavum = yellow)
PULLING VERTEBRAE TOGETHER
ELASTIC
ROLE of SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT and INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENTS
PREVENT OVER-FLEXION of the BACK
ROLE of the ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT
PREVENTS OVER-EXTENSION of back
INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS (between bodies of vertebra) are which types of JOINT
SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINT
- FIBROCARTILAGE
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC has 2 PARTS:
around edge?
middle?
around edge: ANNULUS FIBROSIS
prevents movement, twisting, coming apart
middle: NUCLEUS PULPOSUS
what is the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS of the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC and what does it do
GELATINOUS CORE
allows WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION THROUGHOUT the DISC
shock absorption
what is the ANNULUS FIBROSIS of the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC made of
FIBROCARTILAGE
what does the ANNULUS FIBROSIS (thick outer layer) of the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC do
PREVENT OVER-ROTATION
which VERTEBRA’S SPINOUS PROCESS can you feel a the back of NECK when flexed
and name given for it?
what can you feel below it
C7 - VERTEBRAL PROMINENCE
feel T1 below
SACRAL DIMPLES in back mark which vertebra’s spinous process
S2
in embryology
where is the PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTRE in the VERTEBRA?
in PEDICLES
in embryology
where are the SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTRES in the VERTEBRA? (3)
for HEIGHT:
formed around EDGE of BODY
in TRANSVERSE PROCESS & SPINOUS PROCESS for ELONGATION of them
2 CURVATURES of the SPINE
PRIMARY:
SECONDARY:
(names)
primary: KYPHOSIS
secondary: LORDOSIS
