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Musculoskeletal System > 1. Introduction of MSK > Flashcards

1. Introduction of MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of MSK DISORDERS

A

Osteoporosis (loss of bone usually age-related)
Osteomalacia (poor mineralisation, lack of vitamin D)
Bony metastases (esp. breast and prostate)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis

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2
Q

3 FUNCTIONS of MSK system

A
  • SUPPORT for other organs
  • PROTECTION
  • MOVEMENT
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3
Q

METABOLIC FUNCTIONS of BONE (3)

A
  • a STORE for MINERALS especially CALCIUM
  • HAEMOPOIESIS : production of BLOOD CELLS and PLATELETS from bone MARROW
  • ENDOCRINE: OSTEOCALCIN hormone in bone, made by OSTEBLASTS
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4
Q

which HORMONE is found in BONE and what does it do

A

OSTEOCALCIN

improves body’s ability to handle sugar and keep fat mass low

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5
Q

approx TOTAL CALCIUM and IONISED CALCIUM in BONES

A

approx total: 2.4 mM

approx Ionised: 1.2 mM

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6
Q

MUSCLE ACTIVITY (EXERCISE) leads to: (4)

A
  • INCREASED VENOUS RETURN (flow of blood back to heart)
  • IMPROVED muscle INSULIN SENSITIVITY (more glucose uptake)
  • RELEASE of MYOKINES (cytokines from myocytes)
  • IMPROVED SERUM LIPID PROFILES (blood test that measures the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood)
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7
Q

MUSCOSKELETAL TISSUES (7)

A
  • MUSCLE
  • TENDON
  • LIGAMENT
  • HYALINE CARTILAGE
  • FIBROCARTILAGE
  • BONE
  • SYNOVIUM
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8
Q

MUSCLE
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

A
  • CONTRACTION
  • HIGHLY CELLULAR
  • very LITTLE ECM
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9
Q

TENDON
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

A
  • RESIST UNIAXAL TENSION
  • mainly COLLAGEN I
  • SMALL amount of PROTEOGLYCAN
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10
Q

LIGAMENT
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

A
  • RESIST TENSION
  • mainly COLLAGEN I
  • some PROTEOGLYCAN
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11
Q

TENDON BINDS..

A

MUSCLE to BONE

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12
Q

LIGAMENT BINDS…

A

BONE to BONE

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13
Q

HYALINE CARTILAGE
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

A
  • RESIST COMPRESSION and TENSION
  • COLLAGEN II
  • PROTEOGLYCAN & WATER
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14
Q

FIBROCARTILAGE
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

A
  • RESIST COMPRESSION and TENSTION
  • COLLAGEN I & II
  • PROTEOGLYCAN & WATER
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15
Q

BONE
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

A
  • RESIST COMPRESSION & TENSION
  • COLLAGEN I
  • MINERAL - HYDROXYAPATITE (a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite/calcium phosphate)
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16
Q

SYNOVIUM
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

A
  • LUBRICATION
  • mainly CELLULAR
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17
Q

which COLLAGEN is the MOST ABUNDANT collagen found in CONNECTIVE TISSUES including SKIN, TENDON, and BONE TISSUE

A

COLALGEN I

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18
Q

which COLLAGEN PRIMARILY makes up CARTILAGE

A

COLLGEN II

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19
Q

what make up ECM (extracellular matrix) of CONNECTIVE TISSUES (2)

A

GROUND SUSTANCE
glycosaminoglycans & proteoglycans

FIBROUS PROTEINS
- elastic fibre
- collagen fibre
- reticular fibre

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20
Q

RESIDENT CELLS in CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Mesenchymal cell
Macrophage
Adipocyte
Fibroblast

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21
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUES (MESENCHYMAL TISSUES) provide…

A

STRUCTURAL & METABOLIC SUPPORT to OTHER TISSUES

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22
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUES consist of

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS EMBEDDED in a LARGE AMOUNT of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

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23
Q

what is SKELETAL/STRIATED MUSCLE

A

highly cellular, contractile tissue

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24
Q

3 TYPES of JOINTS

A
  • FIBROUS JOINTS
  • CARTILAGINOUR JOINTS
  • SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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25
Q

FIBROUS JOINTS are

A

FIXED

26
Q

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

A

LIMITED MOVEMENT

27
Q

SYNOVIAL JOINT

A

FREELY MOVEABLE

28
Q

SYNOVIAL JOINT

A
  • joint capsule
  • SYNOVIUM/SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE (lines inside of joint capsule)
  • ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
  • FIBROCARTILAGE
  • synovial fluid
29
Q

how does TENDON CONNECT to BONE

A

through SHARPEY’S FIBRES

30
Q

TENDON

A
  • HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH
  • TRANSMITS MUSCULAR CONTRACTION to MOVEMENT OF BONE
  • PARALLEL BUNDLES of DENSELY PACKED COLLAGEN FIBRES
  • UNIAXAL force (single axis, 1 DIRECTION)
  • connects to bone through Sharpey’s fibres
  • some tendons have important ELASTIC properties
31
Q

TENDONS are comprised of

A

PARALLEL bundles of DENSELY packed COLLAGEN fibres

32
Q

FORCES in TENDONS (Axis)

A

UNIAXIAL

33
Q

FORCES in LIGAMENTS (axis)

A

MULTIAXIAL

34
Q

what do MULTIAXIAL FORCES of LIGAMENTS mean for the ligament

A

not so highly organised parallel bundles

35
Q

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE is a…

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE

36
Q

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE is..
function…

A

smooth, white tissue that covers the ENDS of BONES where they come together to form joints

provide a SMOOTH, LUBRICATED SURFACE

37
Q

what do we have at ARTICULAR SURFACE

A

FLATTENED CHONDROCYTES

38
Q

CONSEQUENCE of LOSS of ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

A

NO PROTECTION from wear & tear

BONE BREAKS DOWN / RUB TOGETHER

leads to OSTEOARTHIRITIS

39
Q

what is SYNOVIUM / SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

A
  • Specialised connective tissue
  • lines inside of joint CAPSULE
  • DELICATE tissue which is hard to identify but can become THICKENED in DISEASES such as rheumatoid arthritis
40
Q

SYNOVIUM / SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE produces…

A

COMPONENTS of SYNOVIAL FLUID
including HYLURONIC ACID

41
Q

SYNOIVUM/ SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE consists of 2 CELL TYPES:

A
  • FIBROBLASTS
  • MACROPHAGE-LIKE cells
42
Q

what is BONE

A

SPECIALISED form of CONNECTIVE TISSUE designed to withstand HIGH COMPRESSIVE LOADS

by the inclusion of mineral in the fibrous matrix

  • STORE for MINERAL IONS particularly CALCIUM
43
Q

LONG BONES ARE COMPOSED OF

A

Cylindrical Shaft: DIAPHYSIS
connected to Expanded Ends via EPIPHYSES

joined by METAPYSES

44
Q

SHELL of COMPACT BONE surrounds the…

A

MEDULLARY / MARROW CAVITY

45
Q

what happens in the MEDULLARY / MARROW CAVITY

A

SITE of PRODUCTION of BLOOD CELLS in immature animals - RED MARROW

becomes progressively REPLACED by ADIPOSE TISSUE -YELLOW MARROW

46
Q

the OUTER SURFACE of bone is COVERED BY…
(except at articular surfaces)
which is composed of…

A

PERIOSTEUM (periosteal surface)

  • This tissue is composed of an
    INNER LAYER of OSTEOGENIC CELLS
    and an OUTER FIBROUS LAYER
47
Q

INNER LAYER of PERIOSTEUM

A

OSTEOGENIC CELLS

48
Q

OUTER LAYER of PERIOSTEUM

A

FIBROUS LAYER

49
Q

the INNER SURFACE of BONE (including all trabecular surfaces) are covered by ..

A

the ENDOSTEUM
(endosteal surface)
- a CELLULAR LAYER

50
Q

what OCCUPIES the MEDULLARY CAVITY at the METAPHYSIS

A

SPONGY BONE

51
Q

2 FORMS of BONE

A
  • COMPACT BONE
    high proportion of bone with few spaces
  • SPONGY/CANCELLOUS/TRABECULAR BONE
    n which there is a low proportion of bone and a lot of space
52
Q

SPONGY/CANCELLOUS/TRABECULAR BONE is composed of…

A

a network of rods and plates called TRABECULAE

53
Q

BONE MATRIX

A
  • Type I collagen, bone proteoglycan and some non-collagenous proteins osteocalcin, osteonectin
  • Mineral, hydroxyapaptite, a complex calcium phosphate salt
54
Q

in BONE MATRIX, COLLAGEN can be laid down into distinct patterns: (2)

A
  • WOVEN BONE
  • LAMELLAR BONE
55
Q

what is WOVEN BONE

A

an IMMATURE form with RANDOM fibre orientation,
laid down during RAPID GROWTH and FRACTURE REPAIR (callus)

56
Q

what is LAMELLAR BONE composed of

A

SUCCESSIVE LAYERS of COLALGEN FIBRES
with DISTINCT orientation.

57
Q

what is the main form of BONE FORMATION and GROWTH

A

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

  • BONE REPLACES existing CARTILAGE model
58
Q

what does BONE ADAPT TO

A

LOADING

  • WOLFF’S LAW
59
Q

what are OSTEOBLASTS

A

cells that PRODUCE NEW BONE

60
Q

what is an OSTEOID

A

NEW BONE MATRIX
- NOT YET MINERALISED

61
Q

what are OSTEOCLASTS

A

DEGRADE/RESORB BONE

  • to initiate normal bone remodelling
62
Q

how does BONE MASS CHANGE with AGE

A

DECREASES

(peak around 30 years old)

(women- bone loss due to menopause)

Musculoskeletal System (18 decks)

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