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BACTERIOLOGY > 8. ANTIMICROBIALS > Flashcards

8. ANTIMICROBIALS Flashcards

1
Q

chemical substances produced by microorganisms with the capacity to inhibit (bacteriostatic) or kill (bactericidal) other microorganisms

can also be synthesized by means of chemical procedures that are independent from microbial activity

A

ANTIBIOTICS

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2
Q

Antibiotics examples

A

Bacitracin
Polymyxin
Cephalosporins
Gentamicin
Penicillin
Erythromycin
Neomycin
Amphotericin B
Nystatin
Chloramphenicol

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3
Q

Source of Bacitracin

A

Bacillus subtilis

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4
Q

Source of Polymyxin

A

Bacillus polymyxa

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5
Q

Source of Cephalosporins

A

Cephalosporium

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6
Q

Source of Gentamicin

A

Micromonospora purpurea

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7
Q

Source of Erythromycin

A

Streptomyces erythraeus

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8
Q

Source of Penicillin

A

Penicillium notatum

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9
Q

Source of Amphotericin B

A

Streptomyces nodosus

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10
Q

Source of Nystatin

A

Streptomyces noursei

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11
Q

Source of Neomycin

A

Streptomyces fradiae

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12
Q

Source of Chloramphenicol

A

Streptomyces venezuelae

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13
Q

antimicrobial agents that inhibit bacterial
growth but generally do not kill the organism

A

BACTERIOSTATIC AGENTS

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14
Q

agents that usually kill target organisms

A

BACTERICIDAL AGENTS

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15
Q

Generally Bacteriostatic agents

A

Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin and other macrolides
Clindamycin
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Tigecycline
Linezolid
Quinupristin/dalfopristin

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16
Q

Generally Bactericidal agents

A

Aminoglycosides
ẞ-lactams
Vancomycin
Daptomycin
Teicoplanin
Telavancin
Quinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin)
Rifampin
Metronidazole

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17
Q

effective against limited number of pathogens

A

Narrow-Spectrum

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18
Q

Narrow-Spectrum antimicrobials

A

bacitracin,
clindamycin,
dapsone,
erythromycin,
isoniazid,
penicillin,
polymyxin B and
vancomycin

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19
Q

destroys different kinds of organisms

A

Broad-Spectrum

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20
Q

Broad-Spectrum examples

A

ampicillin,
cephalosporins,
chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin,
rifampicin,
sulphonamides,
trimethoprim and
tetracyclin

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21
Q

Classification of Antibacterial Drugs

A
  1. Natural Drugs
  2. Semi-synthetic Drugs
  3. Synthetic Drugs
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22
Q

produced by bacteria and fungi

A

Natural Drugs

23
Q

Natural Drugs examples

A

amphotericin B,
erythromycin,
kanamycin,
neomycin,
nystatin,
rifampicin,
streptomycin,
tetracyclin,
vancomycin,
bacitracin,
gentamicin,
polymyxin,
griseofulvin,
penicillin and
cephalosporin

24
Q

modified natural drugs with added chemical group

A

Semi-synthetic Drugs

25
Q

Semi-synthetic Drugs Examples

A

ampicillin,
carbenicillin and
methicillin

26
Q

chemically produced drugs

A

Synthetic Drugs

27
Q

Synthetic Drugs Examples

A

sulphonamides,
trimethoprim,
chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin and
dapson

28
Q

MODE OF ACTION OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS

A

A. Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
B. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
C. Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
D. Cell Membrane Inhibitors
E. Essential Metabolite Inhibitors

29
Q

most selective with a high therapeutic index
inhibit the activity of the transpeptidase enzymes in which cell growth stops and death of the cell often follows

A

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

30
Q

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis examples

A

β-Lactam (Beta-Lactam)
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
Isoniazid
Cephalosporins
Penicillinase-resistant penicillin drugs
Carbenicillin

31
Q

inhibits transpeptidation and cell wall synthesis

A

β-Lactam (Beta-Lactam)

32
Q

β-Lactam (Beta-Lactam) examples

A

penicillins,
cephalosporins,
carbapenems and
monobactams

33
Q

inhibits translocation and elongation of
peptidoglycan layer

A

Vancomycin

34
Q

inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan precursors

A

Bacitracin

35
Q

acts only on growing cells and can either be bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

Isoniazid

36
Q

Cephalosporins examples

A

cephalothin,
cefoxitin,
ceftriaxone,
cephalexin,
cefixime and
cefoperazone

37
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillin drugs examples

A

methicillin,
nafcillin and
oxacilin

38
Q

binds with 30S subunit that results in the misreading of mRNA and thus interferes with aminoacyl-tRNA binding
also binds with 50S subunit that results in the inhibition of peptidyl transferase and peptide chain elongation

A

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

39
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Examples:
Binds to 30S

A

aminoglycosides(gentamicin),
kanamycin,
neomycin,
streptomycin,
tobramycin),
tetracyclins,
spectinomycin
mioglycosides

40
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Examples:
Binds to 50S

A

chloramphenicol,
erythromycin,
lincomycin and
clindamycin

41
Q

blocks the initial step in protein synthesis

A

Linezolid

42
Q

C. Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors examples

A

Rifampicin
Quinolone
Metronidazole

43
Q

 inhibits RNA polymerase

A

Rifampicin

44
Q

interferes with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and highly effective for enteric bacteria (e.g, E.coli)

A

Quinolone

45
Q

Quinolone examples

A

ciprofloxacin,
norfloxacin and
levofloxacin

46
Q

disrupts DNA and effective against anaerobic bacteria

A

Metronidazole

47
Q

D. Cell Membrane Inhibitors

A

Polymyxin B and E

48
Q

for gram(-) bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and as topical antibiotic

A

Polymyxin B and E

49
Q

Essential Metabolite Inhibitors examples

A

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)
Trimethoprim (TMP)
Dapsone
Isoniazid

50
Q

inhibits folic acid metabolism and has a high therapeutic index

A

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)

51
Q

blocks tetrahydrofolate synthesis

A

Trimethoprim (TMP)

52
Q

interferes with folic acid synthesis

A

Dapsone

53
Q

inhibits cord factor synthesis (mycolic acid)

A

Isoniazid

BACTERIOLOGY (25 decks)

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