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BACTERIOLOGY > 7.7 ENDOTOXINS AND EXOTOXINS TABLE > Flashcards

7.7 ENDOTOXINS AND EXOTOXINS TABLE Flashcards

1
Q

Botulism - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Clostridium botulinum / A-B

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2
Q

Tetanus - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Clostridium tetani / A-B

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3
Q

Diphtheria - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae / A-B

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4
Q

Scalded skin syndrome - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Staphylococcus aureus / A-B

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5
Q

Cholera - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Vibrio cholerae / A-B

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6
Q

Traveler’s diarrhea - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Shigella spp. / A-B

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7
Q

Anthrax - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Bacillus anthracis / A-B

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8
Q

Botulism - Mechanism

A

Neurotoxin prevents the transmission of nerve impulses → flaccid paralysis

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9
Q

Tetanus - Mechanism

A

Neurotoxin blocks nerve impulses to muscle relaxation pathway → spastic paralysis

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10
Q

Diphtheria - Mechanism

A

Cytotoxin inhibits protein synthesis (esp. in nerve, heart, and kidney cells)

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11
Q

Scalded skin syndrome - Mechanism

A

Causes skin layers to separate and slough off (scalded skin)

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12
Q

Cholera - Mechanism

A

Enterotoxin causes secretion of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes that result in diarrhea

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13
Q

Anthrax - Mechanism

A

Two A components enter the cell via the same B. The A protein causes shock and reduce the immune response.

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14
Q

Traveler’s diarrhea - Mechanism

A

Enterotoxin causes secretion of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes that result in diarrhea

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15
Q

Gas gangrene and food poisoning - Mechanism

A

One exotoxin (cytotoxin) causes massive RBC destruction (hemolysis); another exotoxin
(enterotoxin) is related to food poisoning and causes diarrhea

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16
Q

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea - Mechanism

A

Enterotoxin causes secretion of fluids and
electrolytes that results in diarrhea; cytotoxin disrupts host cytoskeleton

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17
Q

Food poisoning - Mechanism

A

Enterotoxin causes secretion of fluids and
electrolytes that results in diarrhea

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18
Q

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) - Mechanism

A

Toxin causes secretion of fluids and electrolytes from capillaries that decreases
blood volume and lowers blood pressure

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19
Q

Gas gangrene and food poisoning - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Clostridium perfringens and other species of Clostridium / Membrane-disrupting

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20
Q

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Clostridium difficile / Membrane-disrupting

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21
Q

Food poisoning - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Staphylococcus aureus / Superantigen

22
Q

Toxic shock syndrome - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

A

Staphylococcus aureus / Superantigen

23
Q

Exotoxin - Organism Type

A

Gram-positive and gram-negative

24
Q

Endotoxin - Organism Type

A

Gram-negative

25
Q

Exotoxin - Chemical Nature

A

Protein

26
Q

Endotoxin - Chemical Nature

A

Lipopolysaccharide

27
Q

Exotoxin - Location

A

Outside the living cell; produced extracellularly even though the cells are intact and viable

28
Q

Endotoxin - Location

A

Part of the outer membrane; produced only when the cell are lysed

29
Q

Heat Stability - Exotoxin

A

Heat-labile(inactivated at 60°C)

30
Q

Heat Stability - Endotoxin

A

Heat-stable (121°C)

31
Q

Immunogenicity - Exotoxin

A

Highly potent and antigenic

32
Q

Immunogenicity - Endotoxin

A

Less potent and antigenic

33
Q

Toxoid Conversion - Exotoxin

A

Converted to toxoid

34
Q

Toxoid Conversion - Endotoxin

A

Cannot be converted to toxoid

35
Q

Detoxification by Formaldehyde - Exotoxin

A

Detoxified

36
Q

Detoxification by Formaldehyde - Endotoxin

A

Not Detoxified

37
Q

Neutralization by homologous antibody - Exotoxin

A

Complete

38
Q

Neutralization by homologous antibody - Endotoxin

A

Partial

39
Q

Toxicity - Exotoxin

A

High

40
Q

Toxicity - Endotoxin

A

Low

41
Q

Genetics - Exotoxin

A

Frequently controlled by extrachromosomal genes (eg, plasmids)

42
Q

Genetics - Endotoxin

A

Synthesis directed by chromosomal genes

43
Q

Receptor - Exotoxin

A

Usually bind to specific receptor on cells

44
Q

Receptor - Endotoxin

A

Specific receptor not found on cell

45
Q

Pharmacologic - Exotoxin

A

SPECIFIC:
* Cytotoxin
* Enterotoxin
* Neurotoxin
* Cardiotoxin
* Hepatotoxin
* Leukotoxin

46
Q

Pharmacologic - Endotoxin

A

NONSPECIFIC: chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches, hypotension (leading to shock/septic shock), DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)

MOA: induces production of IL-1 and IFN-α; in cases of shock, TNF/cachectin is also produced

47
Q

Effects on Host - Exotoxin

A

Destroys a particular part of the host’s cell

48
Q

Effects on Host - Endotoxin

A

Disruption of clotting (DIC), fever, hypotension, shock and death

49
Q

Example of Exotoxin

A

Diphtheria toxin
Tetanus toxin
Botulinum toxin
Vibrio enterotoxin
Erythrogenic toxin
Heat labile enterotoxin
Staphylococcal enterotoxin

50
Q

Example of Endotoxin

A

Typhoid fever - Salmonella tyhpi
UTI – Proteus spp.
Meningococcal meningitis – N. meningitidis

BACTERIOLOGY (14 decks)

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