1. HISTORY Flashcards by 횐호 강

“Suggested that diseases were caused by invisible living creatures”

Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro

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made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using a microscope supplied by Galileo

Francesco Stelluti

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→reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes,” or “cells,” →marked the beginning of the CELL THEORY— all living things are composed of cells

Robert Hooke

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was inspired by which book?

MICROGRAPHIA: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observation and Inquiries thereupon - Robert Hooke

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→considered as the “first true microbiologist”

→first actually to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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what did Anton van Leeuwnehoek first call the cells

animalcules or weebeasties

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believed that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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Mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from Spontaneous Generation

Aristotle (Stagiritis)

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demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

results of his investigation invalidated the long-held belief that life forms could arise from non-living things

Francesco Redi

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Asserted that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life

tried to prove spontaneous generation by heating gravy

John Needham

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showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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showed the importance oxygen to life

Anton Laurent Lavoisier

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challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis: living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells

Rudolf Virchow

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Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube

Theodor Schwann

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Noticed that no growth occurred after allowing the air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask of heat-sterilized medium

Heinrich Schroder
Theodore von Dusch

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→disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation

→demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes

→form the basis of Aseptic Techniques

Louis Pasteur

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→ techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures

Aseptic Techniques

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→Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth

John Tyndall

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→ is a form of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for 3 consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores

Tyndallization

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→Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling because of heat resistant structures known as endospores

Ferdinand Cohn

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THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

1857-1914

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→stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol

Theodor Schwann

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→found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air: FERMENTATION

Pasteur

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Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage called

PASTEURIZATION

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had proved that another silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

Agostino Bassi

demonstrated that physicians, who at the time did not disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections (puerperal, or child-birth, fever ) one obstetrical patient to another demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease

Ignaz Semmelweis

→ introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain → applied the germ theory to medical procedures →began treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution →pioneered in promoting among surgeons handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilization of surgical instruments

Joseph Lister

→First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease

Robert Koch

→discovered Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax (1876)

Robert Koch

→Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882)

Robert Koch (

→first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extacts and protein

Robert Koch

Robert Koch established a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease which is later called as

Koch's Postulates

suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media

Fanny Hesse

collaborators of Koch

Fanny Hesse Julius Richard Petri Martins Beijerink Sergei Winogradsky

developed the Petri Dish, which is a circular glass or plastic plate for holding the culture media

Julius Richard Petri

developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

Martins Beijerink Sergei Winogradsky

→ embarked on an experiment people from smallpox to find a way to protect →introduced the concept of vaccination

Edward Jenner

immunized patients by removing scales from drying pustules of a person suffering from a mild case of smallpox, grinding the scales to a fine powder, and inserting the powder into the nose of the person to be protected

Physicians in China

→Pasteur used the term vaccine for an attenuated culture →both made a series of experiments to produced attenuated stains of bacteria →prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into healthy host, the latter remains protected and healthy against the virulent agent

Louis Pasteur Pierre Paul Emile Roux

→created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

Charles Chamberland

→prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

Emil von Behring

→first to described the immune system cells and he process of phagocytosis

Elie Metchnikoff

→ treatment of disease by using chemical substances →chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer

Chemotherapy

→ chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms

Antibiotics

chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

Synthetic drugs

speculated about a bullet" that could down and destroy hunt a pathogen without harming the infected host

Paul Ehrlich

Paul Ehrlich found a chemotherapeutic agent called ___________ an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis

Salvarsan ( Arsphenamine)

→regarded as “Father of Antibiotics” by some historians

Selman Waksman

Selman Waksman discovered which antibiotics

streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

→accidentally discovered Penicillin

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin mold was named ____________ then later renamed as ________

Penicillium notatum Penicillium chrysogenum

Madethe purification process for penicillin and clinical trials to humans

Howard Florey Ernst Chain

First to propose the correct biochemical structure of Penicillin

Edward Abraham

developed diphtheria antitoxin

Emil A. von Behring

Discovered how malaria is transmitted

Ronald Ross

Cultured tuberculosis bacteria

Robert Koch

Developed theories on immunity

Paul Ehrlich

Described phagocytosis, the intake of solid materials by cells

Elie Metchnikoff

Discovered penicillin

Alexander Fleming Ernst chain and Howard Florey

Discovered streptomycin

Selman A Waksman

Discovered chemical steps of the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism

Hans A. Krebs

Cultured poliovirus in cell cultures

John F. Enders Thomas H. Weller Frederick C. Robbins

Described genetic control of biochemical reactions

Joshua Lederberg George Beadle Edward Tatum

Discovered acquired immune tolerance

Frank Macfarlane Burnet Peter Brian Medawar

Identified the physical structure of DNA

James D Watson Frances H. C. Crick Maurice A. F. Wilkins

Described how protein synthesis is regulated in bacteria

Francois Jacob Jacques Monod Andre Lwoff

Discovered cancer causing viruses

Peyton Rous

Described the mechanism of viral infection of bacterial cells

Max Delbruck Alfred D. Hershey Salvador E Luria

Described the nature and structure of antibodies

Gerald M Edelman Rodney R. Porter

Discovered reverse transcriptase and described how RNA virus could cause cancer

Renato Dulbecco Howard Tomin David Baltimore

Described the action of restriction enzymes (now used in recombinant DNA technology)

Daniel Nathans Hamilton Smith Werner Arber

Described the chemiosmotic mechanism for ATP synthesis

Peter Mitchell

Performed experiments in gene splicing

Paul Berg

Described the structure of tobacco mosaic virus TMV

Aaron Klug

Discovered transposons (small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another)

Barbara McClintock

Developed a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies (single pure antibodies)

Cesar Milstein Georges J.F. Kohler Niels Kai Jerne

Described the genetics of antibody production

Susumu Tonegawa

Described the structure of bacterial photosynthetic pigments

Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber Hartmut Michel

Discovered cancer causing genes called oncogenes

J. Michael Bishop Harold E. Varmus

Performed the first successful organ transplants by using suppressive agents

Joseph E. Murray E. Donnell Thomas

Discovered protein kinases , enzymes that regulate cell growth

Edmond H. Fisher Edwin G. Krebs

Discovered that a gene can be separated onto different segments of DNA

Richard J. Roberts Philip A. Sharp

Discovered the polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA

Kary B. Mullis

Discovered how cytotoxic T cells recognize virus-infected cells prior to destroying them

Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel

Discovered water and ion channels in plasma membrane

Peter Agre and Roderick MacKirron

Discovered and named proteinaceous infectious particles (prions) and demonstrated a relationship between prions and deadly neurological diseases in humans and animals

Stanley B. Prusiner

Discovered how cells dispose of unwanted proteins in proteasomes

Aaron Ciechanover Avram Hershko Irwin Rose

Discovered that Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcers

Barry Marshall and J. Robin Warren

Discovered RNA interference (RNA), or gene silencing by double stranded RNA

Andrew Fire and Craig Mello

Discovered the human papilloma viruses cause cervical cancer

Harald zur Hausen

Discovered human immunodeficiency virus

Froncoise Barre-Sinoussi Luc Montagnier