1. HISTORY Flashcards
“Suggested that diseases were caused by invisible living creatures”
Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro
made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using a microscope supplied by Galileo
Francesco Stelluti
→reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes,” or “cells,” →marked the beginning of the CELL THEORY— all living things are composed of cells
Robert Hooke
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was inspired by which book?
MICROGRAPHIA: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observation and Inquiries thereupon - Robert Hooke
→considered as the “first true microbiologist”
→first actually to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
what did Anton van Leeuwnehoek first call the cells
animalcules or weebeasties
believed that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
Mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from Spontaneous Generation
Aristotle (Stagiritis)
demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat
results of his investigation invalidated the long-held belief that life forms could arise from non-living things
Francesco Redi
Asserted that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life
tried to prove spontaneous generation by heating gravy
John Needham
showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth
Lazzaro Spallanzani
showed the importance oxygen to life
Anton Laurent Lavoisier
challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis: living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells
Rudolf Virchow
Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube
Theodor Schwann
Noticed that no growth occurred after allowing the air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask of heat-sterilized medium
Heinrich Schroder
Theodore von Dusch
→disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation
→demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes
→form the basis of Aseptic Techniques
Louis Pasteur
→ techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures
Aseptic Techniques
→Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth
John Tyndall
→ is a form of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for 3 consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores
Tyndallization
→Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling because of heat resistant structures known as endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
1857-1914
→stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol
Theodor Schwann
→found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air: FERMENTATION
Pasteur
Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage called
PASTEURIZATION
had proved that another silkworm disease was caused by a fungus
Agostino Bassi
demonstrated that physicians, who at the time did not disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections (puerperal, or child-birth, fever ) one obstetrical patient to another
demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease
Ignaz Semmelweis
→ introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain
→ applied the germ theory to medical procedures
→began treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution
→pioneered in promoting among surgeons handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilization of surgical instruments
Joseph Lister
→First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease
Robert Koch
→discovered Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax (1876)
Robert Koch
→Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882)
Robert Koch (
→first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extacts and protein
Robert Koch
Robert Koch established a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease which is later called as
Koch’s Postulates
suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media
Fanny Hesse
collaborators of Koch
Fanny Hesse
Julius Richard Petri
Martins Beijerink
Sergei Winogradsky
developed the Petri Dish, which is a circular glass or plastic plate for holding the culture media
Julius Richard Petri
developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
Martins Beijerink
Sergei Winogradsky
→ embarked on an experiment people from smallpox to find a way to protect
→introduced the concept of vaccination
Edward Jenner
immunized patients by removing scales from drying pustules of a person suffering from a mild case of smallpox, grinding the scales to a fine powder, and inserting the powder into the nose of the person to be protected
Physicians in China
→Pasteur used the term vaccine for an attenuated culture
→both made a series of experiments to produced attenuated stains of bacteria
→prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into healthy host, the latter remains protected and healthy against the virulent agent
Louis Pasteur
Pierre Paul Emile Roux
→created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur
Charles Chamberland
→prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus
Emil von Behring
→first to described the immune system cells and he process of phagocytosis
Elie Metchnikoff
→ treatment of disease by using chemical substances
→chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer
Chemotherapy
→ chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms
Antibiotics
chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory
Synthetic drugs
speculated about a bullet” that could down and destroy hunt a pathogen without harming the infected host
Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich found a chemotherapeutic agent called ___________ an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis
Salvarsan ( Arsphenamine)
→regarded as “Father of Antibiotics” by some historians
Selman Waksman
Selman Waksman discovered which antibiotics
streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics
→accidentally discovered Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin mold was named ____________ then later renamed as ________
Penicillium notatum
Penicillium chrysogenum
Madethe purification process for penicillin and clinical trials to humans
Howard Florey
Ernst Chain
First to propose the correct biochemical structure of Penicillin
Edward Abraham
developed diphtheria antitoxin
Emil A. von Behring
Discovered how malaria is transmitted
Ronald Ross
Cultured tuberculosis bacteria
Robert Koch
Developed theories on immunity
Paul Ehrlich
Described phagocytosis, the intake of solid materials by cells
Elie Metchnikoff
Discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Ernst chain and
Howard Florey
Discovered streptomycin
Selman A Waksman
Discovered chemical steps of the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism
Hans A. Krebs
Cultured poliovirus in cell cultures
John F. Enders
Thomas H. Weller
Frederick C. Robbins
Described genetic control of biochemical reactions
Joshua Lederberg
George Beadle
Edward Tatum
Discovered acquired immune tolerance
Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Peter Brian Medawar
Identified the physical structure of DNA
James D Watson
Frances H. C. Crick
Maurice A. F. Wilkins
Described how protein synthesis is regulated in bacteria
Francois Jacob
Jacques Monod
Andre Lwoff
Discovered cancer causing viruses
Peyton Rous
Described the mechanism of viral infection of bacterial cells
Max Delbruck
Alfred D. Hershey
Salvador E Luria
Described the nature and structure of antibodies
Gerald M Edelman
Rodney R. Porter
Discovered reverse transcriptase and described how RNA virus could cause cancer
Renato Dulbecco
Howard Tomin
David Baltimore
Described the action of restriction enzymes (now used in recombinant DNA technology)
Daniel Nathans
Hamilton Smith
Werner Arber
Described the chemiosmotic mechanism for ATP synthesis
Peter Mitchell
Performed experiments in gene splicing
Paul Berg
Described the structure of tobacco mosaic virus TMV
Aaron Klug
Discovered transposons (small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another)
Barbara McClintock
Developed a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies (single pure antibodies)
Cesar Milstein
Georges J.F. Kohler
Niels Kai Jerne
Described the genetics of antibody production
Susumu Tonegawa
Described the structure of bacterial photosynthetic pigments
Johann Deisenhofer
Robert Huber
Hartmut Michel
Discovered cancer causing genes called oncogenes
J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. Varmus
Performed the first successful organ transplants by using suppressive agents
Joseph E. Murray
E. Donnell Thomas
Discovered protein kinases , enzymes that regulate cell growth
Edmond H. Fisher
Edwin G. Krebs
Discovered that a gene can be separated onto different segments of DNA
Richard J. Roberts
Philip A. Sharp
Discovered the polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA
Kary B. Mullis
Discovered how cytotoxic T cells recognize virus-infected cells prior to destroying them
Peter C. Doherty
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Discovered water and ion channels in plasma membrane
Peter Agre and
Roderick MacKirron
Discovered and named proteinaceous infectious particles (prions) and demonstrated a relationship between prions and deadly neurological diseases in humans and animals
Stanley B. Prusiner
Discovered how cells dispose of unwanted proteins in proteasomes
Aaron Ciechanover
Avram Hershko
Irwin Rose
Discovered that Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcers
Barry Marshall and
J. Robin Warren
Discovered RNA interference (RNA), or gene silencing by double stranded RNA
Andrew Fire and
Craig Mello
Discovered the human papilloma viruses cause cervical cancer
Harald zur Hausen
Discovered human immunodeficiency virus
Froncoise Barre-Sinoussi
Luc Montagnier