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BACTERIOLOGY > 1. HISTORY > Flashcards

1. HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q

“Suggested that diseases were caused by invisible living creatures”

A

Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro

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2
Q

made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using a microscope supplied by Galileo

A

Francesco Stelluti

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3
Q

→reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes,” or “cells,” →marked the beginning of the CELL THEORY— all living things are composed of cells

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was inspired by which book?

A

MICROGRAPHIA: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observation and Inquiries thereupon - Robert Hooke

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5
Q

→considered as the “first true microbiologist”

→first actually to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

what did Anton van Leeuwnehoek first call the cells

A

animalcules or weebeasties

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7
Q

believed that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

A

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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8
Q

Mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from Spontaneous Generation

A

Aristotle (Stagiritis)

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9
Q

demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

results of his investigation invalidated the long-held belief that life forms could arise from non-living things

A

Francesco Redi

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10
Q

Asserted that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life

tried to prove spontaneous generation by heating gravy

A

John Needham

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11
Q

showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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12
Q

showed the importance oxygen to life

A

Anton Laurent Lavoisier

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13
Q

challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis: living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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14
Q

Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube

A

Theodor Schwann

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15
Q

Noticed that no growth occurred after allowing the air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask of heat-sterilized medium

A

Heinrich Schroder
Theodore von Dusch

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16
Q

→disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation

→demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes

→form the basis of Aseptic Techniques

A

Louis Pasteur

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17
Q

→ techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures

A

Aseptic Techniques

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18
Q

→Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth

A

John Tyndall

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19
Q

→ is a form of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for 3 consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores

A

Tyndallization

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20
Q

→Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling because of heat resistant structures known as endospores

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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21
Q

THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

A

1857-1914

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22
Q

→stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol

A

Theodor Schwann

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23
Q

→found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air: FERMENTATION

A

Pasteur

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24
Q

Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage called

A

PASTEURIZATION

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25
Q

had proved that another silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

A

Agostino Bassi

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26
Q

demonstrated that physicians, who at the time did not disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections (puerperal, or child-birth, fever ) one obstetrical patient to another

demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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27
Q

→ introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain

→ applied the germ theory to medical procedures

→began treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution

→pioneered in promoting among surgeons handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilization of surgical instruments

A

Joseph Lister

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28
Q

→First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease

A

Robert Koch

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29
Q

→discovered Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax (1876)

A

Robert Koch

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30
Q

→Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882)

A

Robert Koch (

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31
Q

→first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extacts and protein

A

Robert Koch

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32
Q

Robert Koch established a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease which is later called as

A

Koch’s Postulates

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33
Q

suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media

A

Fanny Hesse

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34
Q

collaborators of Koch

A

Fanny Hesse
Julius Richard Petri
Martins Beijerink
Sergei Winogradsky

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35
Q

developed the Petri Dish, which is a circular glass or plastic plate for holding the culture media

A

Julius Richard Petri

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36
Q

developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

A

Martins Beijerink
Sergei Winogradsky

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37
Q

→ embarked on an experiment people from smallpox to find a way to protect

→introduced the concept of vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

38
Q

immunized patients by removing scales from drying pustules of a person suffering from a mild case of smallpox, grinding the scales to a fine powder, and inserting the powder into the nose of the person to be protected

A

Physicians in China

39
Q

→Pasteur used the term vaccine for an attenuated culture

→both made a series of experiments to produced attenuated stains of bacteria

→prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into healthy host, the latter remains protected and healthy against the virulent agent

A

Louis Pasteur
Pierre Paul Emile Roux

40
Q

→created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

A

Charles Chamberland

41
Q

→prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

A

Emil von Behring

42
Q

→first to described the immune system cells and he process of phagocytosis

A

Elie Metchnikoff

43
Q

→ treatment of disease by using chemical substances

→chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer

A

Chemotherapy

44
Q

→ chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

45
Q

chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

A

Synthetic drugs

46
Q

speculated about a bullet” that could down and destroy hunt a pathogen without harming the infected host

A

Paul Ehrlich

47
Q

Paul Ehrlich found a chemotherapeutic agent called ___________ an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis

A

Salvarsan ( Arsphenamine)

48
Q

→regarded as “Father of Antibiotics” by some historians

A

Selman Waksman

49
Q

Selman Waksman discovered which antibiotics

A

streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

50
Q

→accidentally discovered Penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

51
Q

Penicillin mold was named ____________ then later renamed as ________

A

Penicillium notatum
Penicillium chrysogenum

52
Q

Madethe purification process for penicillin and clinical trials to humans

A

Howard Florey
Ernst Chain

53
Q

First to propose the correct biochemical structure of Penicillin

A

Edward Abraham

54
Q

developed diphtheria antitoxin

A

Emil A. von Behring

55
Q

Discovered how malaria is transmitted

A

Ronald Ross

56
Q

Cultured tuberculosis bacteria

A

Robert Koch

57
Q

Developed theories on immunity

A

Paul Ehrlich

58
Q

Described phagocytosis, the intake of solid materials by cells

A

Elie Metchnikoff

59
Q

Discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming
Ernst chain and
Howard Florey

60
Q

Discovered streptomycin

A

Selman A Waksman

61
Q

Discovered chemical steps of the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism

A

Hans A. Krebs

62
Q

Cultured poliovirus in cell cultures

A

John F. Enders
Thomas H. Weller
Frederick C. Robbins

63
Q

Described genetic control of biochemical reactions

A

Joshua Lederberg
George Beadle
Edward Tatum

64
Q

Discovered acquired immune tolerance

A

Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Peter Brian Medawar

65
Q

Identified the physical structure of DNA

A

James D Watson
Frances H. C. Crick
Maurice A. F. Wilkins

66
Q

Described how protein synthesis is regulated in bacteria

A

Francois Jacob
Jacques Monod
Andre Lwoff

67
Q

Discovered cancer causing viruses

A

Peyton Rous

68
Q

Described the mechanism of viral infection of bacterial cells

A

Max Delbruck
Alfred D. Hershey
Salvador E Luria

69
Q

Described the nature and structure of antibodies

A

Gerald M Edelman
Rodney R. Porter

70
Q

Discovered reverse transcriptase and described how RNA virus could cause cancer

A

Renato Dulbecco
Howard Tomin
David Baltimore

71
Q

Described the action of restriction enzymes (now used in recombinant DNA technology)

A

Daniel Nathans
Hamilton Smith
Werner Arber

72
Q

Described the chemiosmotic mechanism for ATP synthesis

A

Peter Mitchell

73
Q

Performed experiments in gene splicing

A

Paul Berg

74
Q

Described the structure of tobacco mosaic virus TMV

A

Aaron Klug

75
Q

Discovered transposons (small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another)

A

Barbara McClintock

76
Q

Developed a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies (single pure antibodies)

A

Cesar Milstein
Georges J.F. Kohler
Niels Kai Jerne

77
Q

Described the genetics of antibody production

A

Susumu Tonegawa

78
Q

Described the structure of bacterial photosynthetic pigments

A

Johann Deisenhofer
Robert Huber
Hartmut Michel

79
Q

Discovered cancer causing genes called oncogenes

A

J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. Varmus

80
Q

Performed the first successful organ transplants by using suppressive agents

A

Joseph E. Murray
E. Donnell Thomas

81
Q

Discovered protein kinases , enzymes that regulate cell growth

A

Edmond H. Fisher
Edwin G. Krebs

82
Q

Discovered that a gene can be separated onto different segments of DNA

A

Richard J. Roberts
Philip A. Sharp

83
Q

Discovered the polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA

A

Kary B. Mullis

84
Q

Discovered how cytotoxic T cells recognize virus-infected cells prior to destroying them

A

Peter C. Doherty
Rolf M. Zinkernagel

85
Q

Discovered water and ion channels in plasma membrane

A

Peter Agre and
Roderick MacKirron

86
Q

Discovered and named proteinaceous infectious particles (prions) and demonstrated a relationship between prions and deadly neurological diseases in humans and animals

A

Stanley B. Prusiner

87
Q

Discovered how cells dispose of unwanted proteins in proteasomes

A

Aaron Ciechanover
Avram Hershko
Irwin Rose

88
Q

Discovered that Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcers

A

Barry Marshall and
J. Robin Warren

89
Q

Discovered RNA interference (RNA), or gene silencing by double stranded RNA

A

Andrew Fire and
Craig Mello

90
Q

Discovered the human papilloma viruses cause cervical cancer

A

Harald zur Hausen

91
Q

Discovered human immunodeficiency virus

A

Froncoise Barre-Sinoussi
Luc Montagnier

BACTERIOLOGY (14 decks)

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