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BACTERIOLOGY > 7.1 HOST-MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS - PART 1 > Flashcards

7.1 HOST-MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS - PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

→ growth and multiplication of microorganisms that cause damage to the host

A

Infection

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2
Q

→bodily invasion of pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce, multiply and then cause disease through local injury, toxin secretion or An-Ab reaction to the host

A

Infection

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3
Q

→caused by microorganism from the microbiota of the host

A

Autogenous Infection

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4
Q

→ result of medical treatment or procedure

A

Iatrogenic infection

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5
Q

→affects immunocompromised host

A

Opportunistic Infection

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6
Q

→hospital-acquired infection

A

Nosocomal infection

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7
Q

Types of Infections

A

a. Autogenous
b. Iatrogenic
c. Opportunistic
d. Nosocomal

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8
Q

4 common types of INFECTION

A
  • UTI
  • Lung Infection (Pneumonia)
  • Surgical site Infection
  • Blood stream Infection
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9
Q

Predisposing factors

A

a. Wide variety of microbes in the hospital environment
b. Immunocompromised patient
c. Chain of transmission (direct or Indirect)

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10
Q

Chain of Transmission EXAMPLES

A

✓ Health worker to patient
✓ Patient to patient
✓ Use of fomites(catheters, needles, dressings, beds)
✓ Airborne transmission
✓ Vector-borne

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11
Q

Airborne transmission (TB & Pertussis)

A

TB: < 5um, Pertussis: > 5um

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12
Q

cornerstone of modern infection control program

A

Handwashing

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13
Q

TYPES OF INFECTION ACCORDING TO HOST DISTRIBUTION

A
  1. Local Infection
  2. Focal Infection
  3. Systemic Infection
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14
Q

signs and symptoms are confined in one area; wounds, boils, abscesses

A

Local Infection

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15
Q

starts as a focal infection before spreading to other parts of the body

A

Focal Infection

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16
Q

spread throughout the body through the blood or lymph

A

Systemic Infection

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17
Q

presence of bacteria in blood; highest concentration of bacteria in blood occurs before the fever spikes

A

Bacteremia

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18
Q

active multiplication of bacteria in blood

A

Septicemia

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19
Q

pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the bloodstream and become localized at different parts of the body

A

Pyremia

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20
Q

presence of toxins in the blood

A

Toxemia

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21
Q

Classification of Disease According to Occurrence

A
  1. Sporadic
  2. Endemic
  3. Epidemic
  4. Outbreak
  5. Pandemic
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22
Q

disease that occurs occasionally

A

Sporadic

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23
Q

a disease constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location

A

Endemic

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24
Q

a larger than normal number of diseased or
infected individuals in a particular location

A

Epidemic

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25
Q

a larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals that occurs over a relatively short period

A

Outbreak

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26
Q

an epidemic that spans the world

A

Pandemic

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27
Q

a person who carries the etiologic agent but shows no apparent signs or symptoms of infection or disease

A

Carrier

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28
Q

harbors the microorganism temporarily for a few days or weeks

A

Causal/Acute/Transient Carrier

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29
Q

remain infected for a relatively long time, sometimes throughout its entire life (Typhoid Bacillus)

A

Chronic Carrier

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30
Q

recovered from infection but continuous to harbour larger numbers of the pathogen

A

Convalescent Carrier

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31
Q

overt clinical case of the disease

A

Active carrier

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32
Q

PHASES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

A
  • Incubation Period
  • Prodromal Period
  • Clinical or Illness Period
  • Decline Period
  • Convalescence or the Period of Recovery
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33
Q

time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms

A

Incubation Period

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34
Q

appearance of signs and symptoms period

A

Prodromal Period

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35
Q

peak of characteristic signs and symptoms

A

Clinical or Illness Period

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36
Q

signs and symptoms begin to subside as the host’s condition improves

A

Decline Period

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37
Q

host is recuperating towards full recovery

A

Convalescence or the Period of Recovery

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38
Q

a microorganism responsible for causing infection or infectious disease

A

Causative/Etiologic Agent

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39
Q

organism capable of producing disease

A

Pathogen

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40
Q

a quantitative measure of the degree of pathogenecity of a particular microorganism

A

Virulence

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41
Q

microorganism that does not cause disease; may be part of the normal flora

A

Nonpathogenic

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42
Q

an agent capable of causing disease only when the host’s resistance is impaired (PAE, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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43
Q

means by which etiologic agents are brought in contact with the human host (e.g. infected blood, contaminated water, insect bite)

A

Mode of Transmission

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44
Q

a non-living entity that is contaminated with
the etiologic agent and as such is the mode of
transmission for that agent

A

Vehicle/Fomite

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45
Q

a living entity (animal, insect, or plant) that transmits the etiologic agent

A

Vector

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46
Q

an animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

A

Host

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47
Q

an organism which is dependent on another
organism for food and shelter

A

Parasite

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48
Q

any type of epidemiologic investigation that involves data collection for characterizing circumstances surrounding the incidence or prevalence of a particular disease or infection

A

Surveillance

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49
Q

the state of disease and its associated effects on the host

A

Morbidity

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50
Q

death resulting from disease

A

Mortality

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51
Q

laboratory-based characterization of etiologic agents designed to establish their relatedness to one another during a particular outbreak or epidemic

A

Strain typing

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52
Q

origin of the etiologic agent or location from which they disseminate (e.g., water, food, insects, animals, other humans)

A

Reservoir

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53
Q

the etiologic agent responsible for an epidemic or outbreak originates from a single source or reservoir

A

Common Source

54
Q

association of two organisms living in close
proximity

A

Symbiosis

55
Q

refers to a mutually beneficial relationship
between two species

A

Mutualism

56
Q

a relationship wherein the parasite derives benefits from the host without causing injury or harm to the host

A

Commensalism

57
Q

a relationship whereby one organism derives
benefits at the expense of another

A

Parasitism

58
Q

ability of the organism to produce disease

A

Pathogenicity

59
Q

large groups of genes that are associated with pathogenicity and are located on the bacterial chromosome

A

Pathogenicity Island

60
Q

the ability of the organism to enter host tissues, multiply, and spread faster

A

Invasiveness

61
Q

ability of the organism to produce toxins

A

Toxigenicity

62
Q

non-poisonous forms of toxins which can be used for vaccination

A

Toxoid

63
Q

Toxoid Preparation

A

✓ By aging
✓ By exposure to heat
✓ By exposure to 50% alcohol, formaldehyde, and dilute acids

64
Q

General Stages of Microbial-Host Interaction

A

Physical encounter between host and microorganism → Microorganism colonization of host surface(s) → Microorganism entry, invasion, and dissemination → Outcome

65
Q

microorganisms that are commonly found on or in body sites of healthy persons

A

Normal, Usual, or Indigenous Flora

66
Q

microorganisms that colonize an area for months or years

A

Resident Microbial Flora

67
Q

microorganisms that are present at a site temporarily represent

A

Transient Flora

68
Q

Microorganism’s presence depends on:

A

✓physiologic factors of temperature
✓moisture
✓presence of certain nutrients and inhibitory substances

69
Q

Microbial Flora ROLE!!!

A

➢Provide a first line of defense against microbial pathogens
➢Assist in digestion and absorption of nutrients; also synthesis of Vitamin K
➢Play a role in toxin-degradation
➢Contribute to maturation of the immune system

70
Q

How does MICROBIAL FLORA provides first line of defense?

A

✓competition for receptors or binding sites on host cells
✓competition for nutrients
✓mutual inhibition by metabolic or toxic products
✓mutual inhibition by antibiotic materials or bacteriocins

71
Q

Different Body Site of Microbial Flora

A

a. Usual Flora of the Skin
b. Usual Flora of the Mouth
c. Usual Flora of the Respiratory Tract
d. Usual Flora of the GIT
e. Usual Flora of the Genitourinary Tract

72
Q

**_____________ in vagina is a part of the normal flora but are important colonizers

A

Escherichia coli

73
Q

ability of a microbe to produce disease in a
susceptible individual

A

Pathogenicity

74
Q

→are organisms recognized to cause disease in healthy immunocompetent individuals

A

True pathogens

75
Q

Example of True Pathogens

A

Yersinia pestis
Bacillus anthracis

76
Q

→cause disease if the host is immunocompromised

A

Opportunistic pathogens

77
Q

Example of Opportunistic Pathogen

A

E. coli

78
Q

Conditions Compromising Host Defenses

A

Foreign bodies
Alcoholism
Burns
Hematoproliferative disorders
Cystic fibrosis
Immunosuppression

79
Q

Examples of Foreign Bodies that can compromise host defenses

A

catheters, shunts, prosthetic heart valves

80
Q

Foreign bodies - Organisms

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Propionibacterium acnes
Aspergillus spp.
Candida albicans
Viridans streptococci
Serratia marcescens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

81
Q

Alcoholism - Organisms

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae

82
Q

Burns - Organisms

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

83
Q

Hematoproliferative disorders - Organisms

A

Cryptococcus neoformans
Varicella-zoster virus

84
Q

Cystic fibrosis - Organisms

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Burkholderia cepacia

85
Q

Immunosuppression (drugs, congenital disease) - Organisms

A

Candida albicans
Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii)
Herpes simplex virus
Aspergillus
Diphtheroids
Cytomegalovirus
Staphylococcus spp.
Pseudomonas spp.

86
Q

→relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity
→measured by the numbers of microorganisms necessary to cause infection in the host

A

Virulence

87
Q

Microbial Virulence Factors

A

a. inhibiting phagocytosis
b. Facilitating adhesion to host cells or tissues
c. enhancing intracellular survival after phagocytosis
d. damaging tissue through the
e. production of toxins and extracellular enzymes

88
Q

→highly virulent
→mask the cell surface structures that are recognized by receptors on the surface of the phagocytic cell
→inhibits the activation of complement by masking structures to which complement proteins bind

A

Capsule

89
Q

Example of Microorganisms that uses Capsule to resist Phagocytosis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pneumonia
Salmonella typhi
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis

90
Q

→interfering with the binding of the host’s antibodies to the surface of the organism
→ binds to the Fc portion of IgG preventing opsonization and phagocytosis by turning the antibody around on the surface

A

Protein A

91
Q

Protein A is found in the cell wall of

A

Staphylococcus aureus

92
Q

CELL WALL PROTEINS

A
  • M protein
  • Fimbriae and Outer Membrane Protein
  • Mycolic Acid
  • Antigenic variation
93
Q

→heat resistant and acid resistant protein, mediates attachment to host epithelial cell and helps resist phagocytosis; overcome by antibodies produced this protein

A

M protein

94
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Cell Wall Proteins

A

Fimbriae and Outer Membrane Protein
Antigenic variation

95
Q

→M. tuberculosis; resist digestion during phagocytosis; the bacteria can even multiply inside macrophages

A

Mycolic acid

96
Q

→produced by Streptococci
→lyse red blood cells and induce toxic effects on WBC

A

Hemolysins

97
Q

→realesed by pathogenic staphylococci
→cause lysosomal discharge into cell cytoplasm

A

Leukocidins

98
Q

→ Staphylococcal leukocidin
→lethal to leukocytes and contributes to the
invasiveness of the organism

A

Panton-Valentine

99
Q

→cell surface structures that mediate
attachment

A

Adhesins

100
Q

Main Adhesins in Bacteria:

A
  1. Fimbriae (pili)
  2. Surface polysaccharides
101
Q

→enable bacteria to adhere to host cell surfaces, offering resistance by attachment to target cells, increasing the organism’s colonizing ability

A

Fimbriae (pili)

102
Q

→ use lactoferrin as a source of iron

A

Meningococci

103
Q

→produce an IgA protease that degrades the IgA found at mucosal surfaces

A

H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, and N. meningitides

104
Q

→circumvent host antibodies by shifting key cell surface antigens

A

Borrelia spp.

105
Q

→microorganisms able to multiply intracellularly

A

Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Brucella, and Listeria

106
Q

→ ability to penetrate and grow in tissues

A

Invasion

107
Q

→ disease or organisms spread to distant sites Example: Salmonella spp.

A

Dissemination

108
Q

highly invasive organism that may not disseminate

A

Clostridium perfringens

109
Q

→poisonous substances produced by organisms that interact with host cells, disrupting normal metabolism and causing harm

A

Toxins

110
Q

→soluble substances that liquefy the hyaluronic acid of the connective tissue matrix, helping to spread bacteria in tissues, promoting the dissemination of infection

A

Proteases and Hyaluronidases

111
Q

→breaks down collagen, which forms the connective tissue of muscles and other body organs and tissues

A

Collagenase

112
Q

→hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, a type of
polysaccharide that holds together certain cells of the body, particularly cells of the connective tissue helping the organism spread from its initial site of infection

A

Hyaluronidase

113
Q

can cause cellulitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

114
Q

can cause gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens

115
Q

→produced by S. aureus and accelerates the
conversion of fibrinogen to a fibrin clot

A

Coagulase

116
Q

Kinases

A

Streptokinase
Staphylokinase

117
Q

→ destroy IgA antibodies found on secretions

A

Immunoglobulin A protease (IgA protease)

118
Q

→ destroy neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

A

Leukocidin

119
Q

→composed of two subunits: nontoxic (binds the toxin to the host cells) and toxic
→produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

A

Exotoxins

120
Q

→secreted by the organism into the extracellular environment, or they are released on lysis of the organism
→mediate direct spread of the microorganisms through the matrix of connective tissues and can cause cell and tissue damage

A

Exotoxins

121
Q

→encoded by phages, plasmids, or transposons

A

Toxic Gene

122
Q

→good antigens and induce the production of antibodies called

A

ANTITOXINS

123
Q

When treated with formaldehyde (or acid or heat), the exotoxin polypeptides are converted into _____________, which are used in protective vaccines

A

TOXOIDS

124
Q

Examples of EXOTOXINS

A

✓Diphtheria toxin
✓Tetanospamin
✓Botulism toxin
✓Heat labile enterotoxin by E. coli, Vibrio, Bacillus
✓Verotoxin
✓Erythrogenic toxin
✓Three toxins of B. anthracis (EF, PA, LF)
✓TSST-1

125
Q

3 principal types on the basis of Exotoxin structure and function:

A
  1. A-B Toxin
  2. Membrane-Disrupting Toxins
  3. Superantigens
126
Q

→composed of the LPS portion of the outer membrane
on the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
→do not have enzyme activity
→secreted in only very small amounts
→do not have specificity in their activity on host cells

A

ENDOTOXINS

127
Q

→not very potent
→not destroyed by heating
→less antigenic and induce antibody production in a poor manner
→no toxoid have been produced from enough
endotoxin

A

ENDOTOXINS

128
Q

Effects of Endotoxin

A

✓Stimulates the fever centers in the hypothalamus (1 hour after exposure)
✓Hypotension (30 minutes after exposure)→Shock
✓Initiates coagulation→DIC
✓Severe neutropenia
✓Activates macrophages, activates complement, and has an adjuvant effect with protein antigens
✓stimulates interferon production and causes changes in carbohydrates, lipids, iron, and sensitivity to epinephrine

129
Q

→ test to detect endotoxins in drugs, medical devices, and body fluid

A

Limulus Lysate Test

130
Q

Limulus Lysate Test
Reagent used:

A

Limulus polyphemus (horse shoe crab)

131
Q

Principle of the Limulus Lysate test:

A

in the presence of endotoxin, the horse shoe crab will release amoebocytes which results to positive result of clumping

132
Q

Positive Result of Limulus Lysate Test:

A

Clumping (there is endotoxin in the body fluid or bacterial instrument)

BACTERIOLOGY (26 decks)

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