7.3 HOST-MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS - IMMUNE RESPONSES

Question 1

→mechanism whereby the body is able to protect itself from invasion by disease causing organisms

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

→consists of numerous cells and protein molecules that are responsible for recognizing and removing these foreign substances

Answer 2

Immune system

Question 3

Immune system Divided into two broad categories

Answer 3

Innate or Natural immunity
Adaptive or Specific

Question 4

little or no specificity immune system

Answer 4

Innate or Natural immunity

Question 5

highly specialized immune system

Answer 5

Adaptive or Specific

Question 6

Cells of the immune system

Answer 6

B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

Question 7

B Lymphocytes (B Cells) Location

Answer 7

Lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, gut- associated lymphoid tissue, tonsils)

Question 8

B Lymphocytes (B Cells) Function

Answer 8

Antibody-producing cells

Question 9

B Lymphocytes (B Cells) Subtypes

Answer 9

B lymphocytes
B-memory cells
Plasma cells

Question 10

Cells waiting to be stimulated by an antigen

Answer 10

B lymphocytes

Question 11

Activated B lymphocytes that secrete antibody in response to an antigen

Answer 11

Plasma cells

Question 12

Long-lived cells preprogrammed to antigen for subsequent exposure

Answer 12

B-memory cells

Question 13

T Lymphocytes (T Cells) Location

Answer 13

Circulate and reside in lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, tonsils)

Question 14

T Lymphocytes (T Cells) Subtypes:

Answer 14

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells

Question 15

Interact with B cells to facilitate antibody production

Answer 15

Helper T cells

Question 16

Recognize and destroy host cells that have been invaded by microorganisms

Answer 16

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 17

Mediate regulatory responses within the immune system

Answer 17

Suppressor T cells

Question 18

Similar to that of cytotoxic T cells; however do not require the presence of an antigen to stimulate function

Answer 18

Natural Killer Cells

Question 19

Immediate response to the pathogen that does not confer long lasting protective immunity

Answer 19

INNATE, OR NATURAL,
NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY

Question 20

INNATE, OR NATURAL,
NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY examples

Answer 20

Physical and chemical barriers
Blood proteins
phagocytosis

Question 21

Blood proteins that act as
mediators of infection

Answer 21

Cytokines,
Complement

Question 22

→capable of being specific for distinct molecules, responding in particular ways to different types of foreign substances and developing memory, which allows for a more vigorous response to repeated exposures to the same foreign invader

Answer 22

ADAPTIVE, OR SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

Question 23

2 types of ADAPTIVE, OR SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

Answer 23

Humoral or Cellular Immune Response

Question 24

major constituents of the adaptive or specific immune response

Answer 24

Lymphocytes and Antibodies

Question 25

able to remember each time it encounters a particular foreign antigen

Answer 25

Immunologic Memory

Question 26

→Antibody mediated

Answer 26

. HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 27

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) percent of the total serum immunoglobulin pool

Answer 27

→70% to 75%

Question 28

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) halflife in serum

Answer 28

3 to 4 weeks

Question 29

→cross the maternal placenta to the fetus → passive immunity for newborns, neutralization of viruses and exotoxin; responds best to protein antigens, mainly involved in secondary (anamnestic) immune response

Answer 29

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Question 30

→ cannot cross the placenta →consists of five basic subunits—each composed of two heavy chains and two light chains (similar to an IgG molecule) and linked to another polypeptide chain (J chain) by disulfide bonds →endotoxin neutralization, bacterial agglutination, complementmediated bacteriolysis, strong opsonization ability; responds best to polysaccharide antigens, mainly involved in primary immune response

Answer 30

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Question 31

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) percent of igms

Answer 31

10-15

Question 32

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) half-life in serum

Answer 32

5 days

Question 33

→predominant immunoglobulin class in certain body secretions, such as saliva, tears, and intestinal secretions → prevention of bacterial and viral invasion of mucous membranes through interference with adherence of microorganism to site; found in tears, milk, saliva, and respiratory and GI secretions

Answer 33

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Question 34

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) percent

Answer 34

15% to 20%

Question 35

IgA occurs when

Answer 35

two subunits (each similar to an IgG molecule) linked together by a J chain

Question 36

contains a secretory component that stabilizes the molecule

Answer 36

Secretory IgA

Question 37

→increase during infection by numerous parasites and may play a role in eliminating these infectious agents from the host →major role in allergic response

Answer 37

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Question 38

→little is known; may serve as a B-cell receptor or play a role in autoallergic diseases

Answer 38

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

Question 39

relatively rapid appearance of IgM antibodies

Answer 39

Primary immune response

Question 40

Antibody Responses

Answer 40

Primary and Secondary

Question 41

→rapid increase in IgG antibody associated with higher levels, a prolonged elevation, and a more gradual decline

Answer 41

Secondary or Anamnestic immune response

Question 42

→based on the action of specific kinds of T-lymphocytes that directly attack the cells that are infected with virus, parasites, cancer cells or transplanted cells

Answer 42

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 43

→ primary effector cell in cell-mediated immunity

Answer 43

T Lymphocyte

Question 44

→low-molecular-weight proteins resulting from antigen binding, activation, cell division, and differentiation of the T cell

Answer 44

Lymphokines

Question 45

Mechanisms by Which Microbes May Overcome Host Defenses

Answer 45

a. Bringing about tolerance b. Immunosuppression c. Change in the appropriate target for the immune response d. Antigenic variation

Question 46

inability to induce an immune response to a microbial antigen

Answer 46

Tolerance

Question 47

Antigenic variation example

Answer 47

Borrelia recurrentis