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BACTERIOLOGY > 7.2 HOST-MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS - HOST RESISTANCE > Flashcards

7.2 HOST-MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS - HOST RESISTANCE Flashcards

1
Q

HOST RESISTANCE

A

Physical Barriers
Macrophages

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2
Q

Physical Barriers

A

a. Healthy, Intact Skin
b. Cleansing Mechanisms
c. Antimicrobial Substances
d. Indigenous Microbial Flora
e. Phagocytosis

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3
Q

→ primary mechanical barrier to infection

A

Healthy, Intact Skin

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4
Q

→has substantial numbers of microbial flora that contribute to a low pH, compete for nutrients, and produce bactericidal substances addition

A

Healthy, Intact Skin

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5
Q

→ ensures that relatively few organisms can survive and prosper in the acid environment

A

low pH resulting from long-chain fatty acids secreted by sebaceous glands

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6
Q

Spp capable of penetrating normal, healthy skin

A

Leptospira spp., Francisella tularensis, Treponema spp

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7
Q

Mechanism of urethral opening as a barrier

A

Stricture

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8
Q

This action allows the urethra to be less susceptible to microorganism growth

A

urination

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9
Q

Found in the cervical opening that acts as a barrier for microorganism

A

thick mucus plug

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10
Q

What natural process involves the shedding of the skin surface to remove potential pathogens?

A

Desquamation

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11
Q

What two antimicrobial components are found in tears?

A

IgA and lysozyme

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12
Q

How does the respiratory tract help remove trapped microbes?

A

Mucus traps particles and sweeps them to the oropharynx.

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13
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea and aids in clearing particles upward?

A

Ciliated epithelium

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14
Q

Which reflex helps expel potentially infected agents from the respiratory system?

A

Cough-sneeze reflex

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15
Q

What two mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract prevent organisms from attaching to the intestinal epithelium?

A

Mucous secretions and peristalsis

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16
Q

What cleansing action in the genitourinary tract helps prevent infection?

A

Voiding urine

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17
Q

What characteristic of the vagina inhibits colonization by transient organisms?

A

Acidity

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18
Q

Cleansing Mechanisms of the body

A

Desquamation
IgA and lysozyme in tears
Mucus in RT
Ciliated epithelium in trachea
Cough-sneeze reflex
Mucous secretions and peristalsis of the GI tract

Voiding urine
Acidity of vagina

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19
Q

Antimicrobial Substances

A

Lysozyme
Secretory IgA
β-lysins
Interferon

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20
Q

→low-molecular-weight (approximately 20,000 D) enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls

A

Lysozyme

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21
Q

Lysozyme found in

A

serum,
tissue fluids,
tears,
breast milk,
saliva, and
sweat

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22
Q

→serve as opsonins, fix complement and neutralize the infecting
organism

A

Secretory IgA

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23
Q

Secretory IgA →found in

A

mucous secretions of the

respiratory,
genital, and
digestive tracts

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24
Q

Secretory IgA serve as

A

opsonins

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25
Q

→low-molecular-weight cationic proteins in serum
→lethal against gram-positive bacteria and are released from platelets during coagulation

A

β-lysins

26
Q

→inhibits proliferation of viruses

A

Interferon

27
Q

→compete with pathogens for nutrients and space

A

Indigenous Microbial Flora

28
Q

→substances that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria

A

Bacteriocins

29
Q

→process by which phagocytes engulf and dispose of microorganisms and cell debris

A

Phagocytosis

30
Q

necessary for the killing and digestion of the engulfed particles

A

Lysosomes

31
Q

Lysosomes [enumerate]

A

myeloperoxidase,
proteases,
cathepsin,
lactoferrin,
lysozyme, and
elastase

32
Q

→has receptors on the cell membrane for some complement components that stimulate cell motion, the metabolic burst, and secretion of the lysosome contents into a phagosome

A

PMN - polymorphonuclear leukocyte

33
Q

PMN circulating half life hours

A

2-7

34
Q

PMN may migrate to the tissues where their half life is

A

less than a week

35
Q

→circulate as monocytes for 1 to 2 days and then migrate through the blood vessel walls into the tissues and reside in specific tissues as part of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM

A

Macrophages

36
Q

Macrophages are part of the [system]

A

MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM

37
Q

→widely distributed in the body and play a central role in specific immunity and nonspecific phagocytosis

A

Macrophages

38
Q

Chemotaxis two types

A

Diapedesis
Chemotaxis

39
Q

→ movement of the neutrophils between the endothelial cells of the blood vessels into the tissues

A

DIAPEDESIS

40
Q

→directed migration of PMNs into the area of infection

A

CHEMOTAXIS

41
Q

→facilitated by the binding of specific antibodies to the microorganism

A

Attachment

42
Q

→coating of the bacterium with antibody or complement components results in enhanced phagocytosis by the PMN

A

OPSONIZATION

43
Q

Neutrophils have membrane receptors for?

A

Fc region of
IgG1
IgG3
C3b component of complement

44
Q

Which antibody classes can bind to organisms to initiate opsonization?

A

IgG1 or IgG3

45
Q

What happens when the antibody response is insufficient for opsonization?

A

Complement is fixed on the surface of the organism

46
Q

Which pathway can be activated by endotoxins or polysaccharides for opsonization?

A

Alternative complement pathway

47
Q

✓Cell membrane of the phagocytic cell invaginates and surrounds the attached particle

A

Ingestion

48
Q

In Ingestion ✓Particle is taken into the cytoplasm and enclosed within a
vacuole called a

A

PHAGOSOME

49
Q

✓Phagosome fuses with lysosomes

A

PHAGOLYSOSOME

50
Q

Lysosomes release their contents into the phagosome

A

DEGRANULATION

51
Q

Ingestion included enzymes

A

proteases,
lipases,
RNase,
DNase,
peroxidase, and
acid phosphatase

52
Q

→phagocytosis of a particle triggers a significant increase in the metabolic activity of the neutrophil or macrophage

A

Metabolic or Respiratory Burst

53
Q

Killing / Metabolic or Respiratory Burst increases in

A

glycolysis

54
Q

→body’s response to injury or foreign
body

A

Inflammation

55
Q

→hallmark of inflammation:

A

accumulation of large numbers of
phagocytic cells

56
Q

→leukocytes release mediators or
cause other cell types to release which cause ______________ as a result of greater blood flow, edema from an increase in vascular permeability, and
continued phagocyte accumulation,
resulting in ____________

A

erythema
pus

57
Q

CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION

A

SWELLING, tumor
REDNESS, rubor
HEAT, calor
PAIN, dolor
LOS OF FUNCTION

58
Q

Chemical Mediatiors of Inflammation:

A

✓Histamine
✓Kinins
✓Leukotrienes
✓Prostaglandins
✓Acute phase reactants
✓Cytokines

59
Q

✓Acute phase reactants examples

A

CRP,
Serum amyloid A,
antitrypsin,
fibrinogen

60
Q

✓Cytokines that mediate inflammation

A

IL-1,
IL-6,
TNF-α,
IFN-γ,
IL-2

BACTERIOLOGY (25 decks)

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