Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 241 > 7.1 An Overview of Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

7.1 An Overview of Cellular Respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

catabolism

A

describes the set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units, releases chemical energy that can be stored in molecules of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anabolism

A

the set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units, require an input of energy, usually in the form of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cellular respiration is one of the major sets of:

A

catabolic reactions in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cellular respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that converts the energy stored in food molecules into:

A

the energy stored in ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the wastes or by-products of cellular respiration?

A

carbon dioxide and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

aerobic respiration

A

cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

oxygen is consumed in aerobic respiration; the products are:

A

carbon dioxide and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

carbohydrates and lipids have a large amount of potential energy in their chemical bonds, whereas:

A

carbon dioxide and water have less potential energy in their bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cellular respiration releases a large amount of energy because:

A

the sum of the potential energy in all of the chemical bonds of the reactants is higher than that of the products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the maximum amount of free energy released during cellular respiration is:

A

-686kcal per mole of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if all the energy stored in glucose were released at once:

A

most of it would be released as heat and the cell would not be able to harness it to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in cellular respiration, energy is released:

A

gradually in a series of chemical reactions; this allows some of the energy to be used to form ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many molecules of ATP are produced from the aerobic respiration of a single molecule of glucose?

A

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in most organisms, cellular respiration consumes oxygen and produces ATP by…?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as carbon dioxide and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how much of the total energy released by aerobic respiration is harnessed in the form of ATP?

A

34% with the remainder of the energy given off as heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two different ways to produce ATP from the chemical energy stored in a molecule of glucose?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

a way of generating ATP in which a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule, which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in the case of substrate-level phosphorylation, there are two coupled reactions carried out by a single enzyme:

A

the hydrolysis of a phosphorylated organic molecule and the addition of a phosphate group to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation produces only:

A

a small amount of the total ATP generated in cellular respiration (12%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

electron carrier

A

a molecule that carries electrons (and energy) from one set of reactions to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

electron transport chain

A

the system that transfers electrons along a series of membrane-associated proteins to a final electron acceptor, using the energy released as electrons move down the chain to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in aerobic respiration, oxygen is the:

A

final electron acceptor, resulting in the formation of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

a set of metabolic reactions that occurs by passing electrons along an electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor, oxygen, pumping protons across a membrane, and using the proton electrochemical gradient to drive synthesis of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

electron transport chains are used in respiration to:

A

harness energy from fuel molecules

26
Q

outline the major steps in oxidative phosphorylation:

A

chemical energy of organic molecules are broken down by catabolism, electrons carriers transport electrons and energies to the electron transport chain, electron transport chains transfer electrons along a series of membrane-associated proteins to a final electron acceptor and in the process harness the energy released to produce ATP, oxygen is final electron acceptor and forms water as a product

27
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

a reaction involving the loss and gain of electrons between reactants. In biological systems these reactions are often used to store or release chemical energy

28
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons

29
Q

reduction

A

the gain of electrons

30
Q

the loss and gain of electrons always occur together in a :

A

coupled oxidation-reduction reaction

31
Q

what occurs in a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

electrons are transferred from one molecule to another so that one molecule loses electrons and one molecule gains those electrons

32
Q

the oxidized molecule….

A

loses electrons

33
Q

the reduced molecule….

A

gains electrons

34
Q

what are two important electron carriers in cellular respiration?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

35
Q

what is the reduced form of NAD+ and FAD?

A

NADH and FADH2

36
Q

in redox reactions involving organic molecules (ex. NAD+ and FAD), the gain or loss of electrons if often accompanied by:

A

the gain or loss of protons (H+)

37
Q

reduced molecules can easily be recognized by:

A

an increase in C-H bonds and the corresponding oxidized molecules by a decrease in C-H bonds

38
Q

in their reduced forms, NADH and FADH2 can :

A

donate electrons, this allows electrons (and energy) to be transferred to the electron transport chain

39
Q

the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 also produces:

A

NAD+ and FAD which can then accept electrons from the breakdown of fuel molecules

40
Q

electron carriers act as shuttles, transferring electrons derived from:

A

the oxidation of fuel molecules (Ex. glucose) to the electron transport chain

41
Q

even though it consists of many steps, cellular respiration can be understood as a:

A

redox reaction (glucose is oxidized producing carbon dioxide, oxygen is reduced forming water)

42
Q

in carbon dioxide, how are electrons shared?

A

not equally, the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the carbon atom, as a result, carbon has partially lost electrons to oxygen and is oxidized

43
Q

in glucose, carbon atoms share electrons…

A

equally

44
Q

in oxygen gas, electrons are shared…

A

equally between two oxygen atoms

45
Q

in water, the electrons that are shared between hydrogen and oxygen are more likely to be found near:

A

oxygen because the oxygen is more electronegative. as a result, oxygen has partially gained electrons and is reduced

46
Q

glucose is a good electron donor because:

A

its oxidation to carbon dioxide releases a lot of energy

47
Q

oxygen is a good electron acceptor because:

A

it has a high affinity for electrons

48
Q

in cellular respiration, glucose is not:

A

oxidized all at once to carbon dioxide, oxidized in a series of reactions to release energy in a controlled manner

49
Q

some of the energy released in the series of reactions between glucose being oxidized to produce carbon dioxide can be:

A

used to synthesize ATP directly and some of it is stored temporarily in reduced electron carriers and then used to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

cellular respiration has how many stages?

A

4

51
Q

glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration

52
Q

outline the process of stages 1 (glycolysis):

A

glucose is partially broken down to make pyruvate and energy is transferred to ATP and reduced electron carriers

53
Q

what occurs in stage 2 of cellular respiration?

A

pyruvate is oxidized to another molecule called acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), producing reduced electron carriers and releasing carbon dioxide

54
Q

citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic -TCA cycle or the Krebs cycle)

A

the third stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-CoA is broken down and more carbon dioxide is released

55
Q

outline the citric acid cycle:

A

acetyl-CoA enters stage 3, completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and energy is transferred to ATP and reduced electron carriers. The amount of energy transferred to ATP and reduced electron carriers in this stage is nearly twice that of stages 1 and 2 combined

56
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

a set of metabolic reactions that occurs by passing electrons along an electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor, oxygen, pumping protons across a membrane, and using the proton electrochemical gradient to drive synthesis of ATP

57
Q

outline what occurs in stage 4 of cellular respiration:

A

reduced electron carriers generated in stages 1-3 donate electrons to the electron transport chain and a large amount of ATP is produced

58
Q

outline where the stages of cellular respiration occur in eukaryotes:

A

glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation all take place in mitochondria

59
Q

the electron transport chain is made up of:

A

proteins and small molecules associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane

60
Q

where do reactions of cellular respiration occur in bacteria?

A

it takes place in the cytoplasm and the electron transport chain is located in the plasma membrane

61
Q

the change in the free energy is much greater for the steps that generate:

A

reduced electron carriers composed to those that produce ATP directly

Biology 241 (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions