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2=Pathology > 7. Tumourigenesis and cancer signalling > Flashcards

7. Tumourigenesis and cancer signalling Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of neoplasia

A

new growth

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2
Q

defintion of grading

A

degree of differentiation

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3
Q

definition of staging

A

size and spread of tumour

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4
Q

definiton of metaplasia

A

reversible replacement of one cell type with another

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5
Q

what is dysplasia

A

altered cell maturation, orientation and tissue architecture

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6
Q

what is anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation

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7
Q

3 examples of oncogenic viruses

A
  1. human papillomavirus
  2. epstein-barr virus
  3. hep c and hep b
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8
Q

what cancer can human papillomavirus cause?

A

cervical cancer

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9
Q

what cancer can epstein - barr virus cause?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

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10
Q

what cancer can Hep B and C cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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11
Q

4 examples of familial syndromes

A
  1. Li-fraumeni
  2. retinoblastoma
  3. breast cancer
  4. familial adenomatous polyposis
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12
Q

what cancer can li-farumeni causse?

A

breast, leukaemia, brain tumour

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13
Q

what mutation causes Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A

p53

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14
Q

what mutation causes retinoblastoma

A

pRb - RB1

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15
Q

what mutation causes familial adenomatous polyposis

A

APC gene

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16
Q

3 stages of carcinogenesis

A
  1. initation
  2. promotion
  3. propagation
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17
Q

what is initiation?

A

carcinogen causes non-lethal mutations

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18
Q

what is promotion?

A

cell proliferation - additional mutations accumulate

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19
Q

what is progression?

A

accumulation of mutations lead to invasive phenotype

20
Q

are initiation changes reversible?

A

yes

21
Q

are promotion changes reverisble ?

A

proliferion = yes

dna chnages = no

22
Q

3 examples of initiators

A
  1. uV radiation
  2. cisplatinum
  3. asbestos
23
Q

3 examples of promoters

A
  1. hormones (oest+T)
  2. alchol
  3. chronic wound
24
Q

3 biological characteristics of tumour cells

A
  1. abnormal proliferation and cell immortalisation
  2. abnormal DNA
  3. deregulate apoptosis
25
Q

what is polypoloidy - what does it cause?

A

increase DNA - hyperchromasia

26
Q

what is aneuploidy?

A

abnormal number of Ch in 1 cell

27
Q

2 main groups of cancer genes

A
  1. tumour suppressor

2. oncogenes

28
Q

normal function of proto-oncogene?

A

promote cell growth

29
Q

normal function of tumour suppressor genes

A

inhibit cell proliferation

30
Q

4 examples of oncogenes

A
  1. cyclin
  2. CDK
  3. mdm2
  4. E2F
31
Q

5 examples of tumour suppressor genes

A
  1. pRB
  2. p53
  3. p21
  4. TGF-b
  5. BRCA1 and 2
32
Q

mutations in these 4 genes give rise to dominant active oncogenes

A
  1. GF
  2. GF receptor
  3. intracellular transducers
  4. TF
33
Q

mutations in this protein increases probability of mutations in other protein classes

A

DNA repair proteins

34
Q

3 ways in which proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene?

A
  1. point mutation
  2. gene amplification
  3. chromosomal translocation
35
Q

role of p53 - where does it work in the cell cycle?

A

G1 - cell cycle arrest for repair or apoptosis

36
Q

role of cyclin D/CDK4 and 6 - where does it work in the cell cycle?

A

G1 - promote cell cycle progression

37
Q

3 examples of CDKIs

A

p27, p21, p57

38
Q

role of CDKIs - where does it work in the cell cycle?

A

G1/s and G2/M - cell cycle arrest

39
Q

describe steps in malignancy

A
  1. normal
  2. dysplasia
  3. carcinoma in situ
  4. invasive
  5. metastasis
40
Q

what is intraepithlial neoplasia?

A

abnormality is confined to epithelia

41
Q

6 hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. angiogenesis
  2. limitless proliferation
  3. tissue invasion and metastasis
  4. evading apoptosis
  5. self-sufficiency in growth signals
  6. insensivitiy to anti-growth signals
42
Q

what is an excisional biopsy?

A

entire lesion removed

43
Q

what is an incisional biopsy?

A

large representation sample taken

44
Q

in cytology - what are the samples screened for?

A

immunological markers which are expressed in specific tumours

45
Q

what is grade 1 ?

A

well differentiated

46
Q

describe TNM staging

A 
t = tumour size 
n = number of lymph nodes affected 
m = metastasis
47
Q

describe dukes staging

A 
a = confined to submucosa/muscle layer 
b = invasion through muscle layer 
c = tumour in lymph nodes

2=Pathology (13 decks)

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