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2=Pathology > 1. Cell Response to Injury: Morphological Changes 1 > Flashcards

1. Cell Response to Injury: Morphological Changes 1 Flashcards

1
Q

stress limit < change = results in what type of damage?

A

reversible

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2
Q

stress limit > change = results in what type of damage?

A

irreversible

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3
Q

if cells were static and rigid, what would happen?

A

they would die

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4
Q

3 ways cells adapt

A
  1. increase in cellular activity
  2. decrease in cellular activity
  3. alteration of morphology - differentiation
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5
Q

what stimulates increase/decrease cellular activity?

A

hormonal stimulation

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6
Q

how do cells increase cellular activity?

A

cells increase in number & size

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7
Q

which type of injury will cause a cell to go from a normal steady state to an altered steady state?

A

sub-lethal

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8
Q

what occurs to the cell if lethal injury occurs?

A

goes into the point of no return

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9
Q

in a myocardial infarction, which cells are most sensitive to damage and which are the most robust?

A

sensitve - cerebral neurones

robus - fibroblasts

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10
Q

3 ways which damage occurs - cellular level.?

A
  1. ATP depletion
  2. Ca2+ influx
  3. ROS
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11
Q

how does Ca2+ influx cause damage?

A

an increase in Ca2+ influx causes it to accumulate in the cytoplasm. this activates intracellular enzymes which cause destruction

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12
Q

4 main organelles which are main targets of damaging stimuli

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. cytoskeleton
  3. cell membrane
  4. cellular DNA
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13
Q

which type of injury is reversible?

A

sub-lethal

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14
Q

which type of injury is irreversible?

A

lethal

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15
Q

what occurs in sub-lethal injury after the removal of the damaging stimuli?

A

cell recovers

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16
Q

2 causes of lethal injury

A
  1. severe damaging stimuli

2. prolonged sublethal damage

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17
Q

3 characteristics of sub-lethal injury

A
  1. cell & organelle swelling
  2. blebbing/irregular PM
  3. detachment of ribosomes from rough ER
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18
Q

by which process are damaged cell components removed?

A

autophagy

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19
Q

what is autophagy?

A

the cell itself phagocytoses its damaged components

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20
Q

2 types of cell death

A

apoptosis

necrosis

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21
Q

what 2 factors determine type of cell death?

A
  1. magnitiude/type of stimulus

2. availability of ATP after the damage

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22
Q

2 types of sub-lethal damage

A
  1. cellular swelling/hydropic degeneration

2. fatty change

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23
Q

how can the type of sub-lethal damage be recognised?

A

light microscope

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24
Q

what 2 things cause cellular swelling/hydropic degeneration ?

A
  1. disruption of ionic/fluid homeostasis

2. failure of energy dependent membrane pumps

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25
Q

what types of injury cause fatty change?

A

hypoxic, toxic, metabolic

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26
Q

how can fatty change be identified histologically?

A

lipid vaculoes present

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27
Q

in hydropic degneration, explain the steps in which swelling occurs?

A
  1. impaired membrane exchange mechanisms (Na/K pump)
  2. Increased intraceullar Na+
  3. increased osmosis into the cell
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28
Q

morphology of hydropic degneration

A
  1. pale cytoplasm
  2. vacuolation
  3. smaller, undefined nuclei
29
Q

give an example of a toxin which causes fatty change

A

alcohol

30
Q

give 2 reasons why lipids accumulate in fatty change

A
  1. impaired fatty acid metabolism

2. increased FA synthesis

31
Q

morphology of fatty change

A

lipids accumulate in cytoplasmic vacuoles

32
Q

which cells are affected by the liipid vacuoles? - 3

A

hepatocytes, cardiac, skeletal cells

33
Q

how to recognise an affetcted fatty chnage organ?

A

enlarged and yellow

34
Q

vacuoles in fatty change can coalesce and form what?

A

fatty cysts

35
Q

why do vacuolated lipid cells appear as empty spaces histologically?

A

the lipids are dissolved during the staining process with alcohol

36
Q

which stain is used to demonstrate lipids in cells?

A

sudan black/red

37
Q

definition of necrosis

A

denaturation of proteins & enzymatic digestion

38
Q

4 characteristics of necrosis

A
  1. loss of PM
  2. activated lysosomal enzymes
  3. enzymatic digestion of cells via autolysis
  4. leakage of cellular constituents - via inflammation
39
Q

Necrosis of tissue has distinct patters, why is this important?

A

gives an idea of the underlying cause

40
Q

name 6 types of necrosis

A
  1. coagulative
  2. liquefactive
  3. gangrenous
  4. caseous
  5. fat
  6. fibrinoid
41
Q

morphology of coagulative necrosis

A

firm, pale, preserved archictecture and tisse outline

42
Q

which type of enzymes are broken down in coagulative necrosis?

A

proteolytic

43
Q

cause of coagulative necrosis

A

occlusion of arterial blood supply in kidney and heart

44
Q

what is liquefactive necrosis?

A

describes when a tissue is digested and appears as a semi-liquid

45
Q

what enzymes are involved in liquefactive necrosis?

A

hydrolytic

46
Q

common example of liquefactive necrosis

A

cerebral infarction

47
Q

how can liquefactive necrosis be identified?

A

yellow pus - dead leukocytes

48
Q

why does liquefactive necrosis occur in the brain?

A

as the neurones have a high lysosomal content - also lack extracellular structural proteins such as reticulin + collagen

49
Q

causes of liquefactive necrosis

A

bacterial/fungal infections

50
Q

how do bacteria/fungi cause liquefactive necrosis?

A
  1. enter the body
  2. attract neutrophils
  3. neutrophils releases hydrolases which cause liquification
51
Q

describe the nuclei in liquefactive necrosis

A

very small - sometimes absent

52
Q

1st step of gangrenous necrosis after limb losing its blood supply

A

coagulative necrosis

53
Q

2nd step of gangrenous necrosis after limb losing its blood supply

A

bacterial infection can occur - leading to liquefactive necorsis - the leukocytes cause the gangrene

54
Q

what type of necrosis occurs as a result of TB?

A

caseous

55
Q

describe the morphology of caseous necrosis (3)

A
  1. cheese like areas - white areas
  2. fragmented/lysed cells
  3. granuloma
56
Q

cause of fat necrosis

A

pancreatic lipases released into pancreas

57
Q

what is fat saponification?

A

where FA combine with Ca2+ to produce white areas

58
Q

which type of necrosis occurs in the immune reactions of blood vessels?

A

fibrinoid

59
Q

what causes the fibrinoid (pink area)

A

fibrin + ag+ab complex

60
Q

definition of apoptosis

A

pathway of cell death induced by a tightly regulated suicide program

61
Q

describe 5 steps in apoptosis

A
  1. cells lose contact with neighboring cells
  2. activation of enzymes which degrade DNA + proteins
  3. cytoplasm shrinks
  4. apoptotic cells break into apoptotic bodies
  5. bodies phagocytoised by neighoring cells + macrophages
62
Q

do the cell contents leak out in apoptosis?

A

no

63
Q

what do apoptotic bodies express to be identified by the phagocytic cells?

A

tumour necrosis factor

64
Q

what is the purpose of apoptosis?

A

to remove aged, damaged, harmful cells

65
Q

when disease is present, what does apoptosis aim to do?

A

remove injured cells which are beyond repair

66
Q

3 processes where apoptosis is used - NON pathological

A
  1. programmed destruction - embryogenesis
  2. maintain steady cell numbers
  3. involution of hormone-dependent tissue when not needed
67
Q

in H+E staining, what would an epidermal apoptotic cell look like?

A
  1. intense eosinophillic cytoplasm - bright pink

2. dense disintegreated nuclei

68
Q

in response to a harmful stimulus, if a cell is able to adapt, what does it do?

A

change its growth pattern

69
Q

what is cloudy swelling?

A

vacuolation - formation of intracellular vacoule

2=Pathology (13 decks)

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