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2=Pathology > 13 and 14. Exogenous injury > Flashcards

13 and 14. Exogenous injury Flashcards

1
Q

most common cause of cellular injury

A

hypoxia

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2
Q

what is hypoxaemia?

A

reduced availability of atmospheric oxygwn

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3
Q

what is anaemia?

A

reduced oxygen capacity of blood

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4
Q

what is ischaemia?

A

stagnant/reduced circulation of blood

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5
Q

what is ischaemia caused by

A

blockage of BV

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6
Q

what is histoxia?

A

tissues unable to use available oxygen

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7
Q

what is reperfusion injury?

A

burst of ROS after reoxgenation

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8
Q

5 types of exogenous injury

A
  1. physical
  2. chemical
  3. heat/cold
  4. microbial
  5. radiation
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9
Q

what is contusion?

A

bruise caused by broken BV

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10
Q

describe steps in physical injury

A
  1. trauma causes damage to cells
  2. BV ruptures
  3. blood leaks into connective tissue
  4. RBC phagocytosed by macrophages
  5. iron converted to haemosiderin
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11
Q

what type of hypoxia does physial injurt cause?

A

ishaemia

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12
Q

what are partial thickness burns

A

1st and 2nd degree

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13
Q

which are well healing;

partial or full thickness burns

A

partial

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14
Q

what are full thickness burns

A

3rd and 4th degree

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15
Q

which skin layers are damaged in 2nd deg burns

A

epidermis and dermis

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16
Q

which skin layers are damaged in 3rd deg burns

A

all skin layers

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17
Q

which skin layers are damaged in 4th deg burns

A

all skin layers + fascia, bone

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18
Q

in which burn degree do axons become damaged

A

2nd

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19
Q

what is a blister mediated by?

A

histamine

20
Q

what systemic changes occur as a result of heat damage

A

dramatic release of K+ - causing hypervolaemic shock - irregular heart beating

21
Q

2 ways cold produces damage

A

indirect (ischaemia ) and direct (freezing of tissues)

22
Q

describe indirect damage of cold

A
  1. cool environment = vasoconstriction
  2. reduced blood supply to peripheral tissues
  3. when blood supply returns - inflammation + oedema = ischaemia
  4. prolonged ischaemia+ oedemia = necorsis
23
Q

what causes the direct freezing of tissues?

A

ischaemia + direct freezing

24
Q

why does the tissue blacken in direct cold damage

A

erythrocyte leakage

25
Q

4 harmful effects of chemicals

A
  1. direct action on cell architecure
  2. interference with enzyme action
  3. toxigenesis
  4. carcinogenesis
26
Q

chemical which causes disruption

A

lead

27
Q

how does Pb lead to change in protein conformation

A

attaches to sulphydryl and carboxyl groups on the protein

28
Q

how does Pb cause anaemia?

A

interferes with Hb synthesis - ferochelatase

29
Q

how does Pb cause MS?

A

Pb interferes with adenylcyclase

30
Q

how does Pb cause kidney problems?

A

interferes with AA urea

31
Q

effect of damage of Pb on kidney

A

glycosuria

32
Q

how does formaldehyde and mercury work to interfere with enzyme function?

A

covalently bind to enzymes - inactivating them

33
Q

how does cyanide cause problems with respiration?

A

cyanide binds to cytochrome oxidase

34
Q

what are microsomal oxygenases?

A

enzymes which convert aromatic HCs, CCl4 and aromatic amines into ROS

35
Q

how is CCl4 converted into CCl3?

A

microsomal oxygenases = cytochrome P450 enzyme

36
Q

mode of action of carcinogens

A

DNA damage

37
Q

3 ways carcinogens cause DNA damage (genotoxic)

A
  1. base alkylation
  2. strand breaks
  3. cross linkages of DNA strands
38
Q

3 ways carcinogens cause DNA damage (non -genotoxic)

A
  1. change growth regulatory proteins
  2. synergy with viruses
  3. promote other toxins
39
Q

what is primary deficiency

A

inadequate food intake

40
Q

what is secondary deficiency

A

malnutrition

41
Q

4 mechanisms of microbial damage

A
  1. nutrient deprivation
  2. production of toxins
  3. antigenicity
  4. intracellular growth
42
Q

how does clostridum botulinum work?

A

produces toxin which prevents release of ACh - leading to paralysis

43
Q

how does mycobacterium tuberculosis work?

A

produce toxins which have damaging antigenic response = attacking phospholipids and cytoplasmic proteins

44
Q

how does meningitidis work

A

exist in neutrophil, cause neutrophil death by necoriss and pyrogenic inflammation

45
Q

3 radiating waves

A
  1. cosmic
  2. UV
  3. ionising - beta, alpha, gamma
46
Q

direct action of radiation

A

directly alters DNA, RNA

47
Q

indirect action of radiation

A

ionisation of intra-cellular water causing free radicals

2=Pathology (13 decks)

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