21. prostate cancer

Question 1

what type are most prostatic tumours

Answer 1

adenocarcinoma

Question 2

prostatic cancer are _____-dependent

Answer 2

hormone

Question 3

without treatment, what can prostatic cancer develop into?

Answer 3

hormone-independent

Question 4

which part of the prostate gland do most cancers arise from?

Answer 4

peripheral zone

Question 5

are prostate cancers caused more by familial involvment or lifestyle and environment?

Answer 5

lifestyle and environmental

Question 6

what is used to classifiy prostatic tumours?

Answer 6

gleasons score

Question 7

what does pT2 indicate?

Answer 7

tumour confined to prostate

Question 8

what does pT2a indicate?

Answer 8

tumour affects <1/2 of one lobe

Question 9

what does pT2b indicate?

Answer 9

tumour affects >1/2 of one lobe

Question 10

what does pT2c indicate?

Answer 10

tumour affects both lobes

Question 11

what does pT3 indicate?

Answer 11

tumour extends beyond prostate

Question 12

what does pT3b indicate?

Answer 12

tumour invades seminal vesicle

Question 13

what does pT4 indicate?

Answer 13

tumour invades bladder and rectum

Question 14

term used to describe normal small uniform glands

Answer 14

well differentiated

Question 15

4 risk factors for prostate cancer

Answer 15

1. fat
2. decrease in fibre
3. phytoestrogen
4. oestrogens

Question 16

how do phytooestrogens cause PC

Answer 16

disturb androgen-oestrogen balance

Question 17

how do oestrogens cause PC

Answer 17

cause mutations

Question 18

what enzymes converts T into DHT

Answer 18

5alpha reductase

Question 19

where does T convert into DHT?

Answer 19

prostate

Question 20

function of DHT

Answer 20

grows glandular epithelium of prostate

Question 21

what accumulates with age?

Answer 21

DHT

Question 22

what causes androgen independence (hormone -independent)

Answer 22

1. oxidative damage to DNA

2. mutation in androgen receptor

Question 23

how to diagnose PC

Answer 23

prostatic specific ag

Question 24

5 treatments of PC

Answer 24

1. castration
2. finasteride
3. GnRH antagonists/agonists
4. cyproterone acetate
5. anti-androgen + anti-GnRh

Question 25

how does finasteride work against PC?

Answer 25

inhibits 5alpha reductase - prevents T into DHT

Question 26

how do GnRH antagonists/agonists work against PC?

Answer 26

inhibit LH/FSH release - inhibit T formation

Question 27

2 functions of cyproterone acetate

Answer 27

1. anti-androgenic

2. inhibit LH release

Question 28

treatment of PC if it becomes metastatic

Answer 28

chemo/radiotherpy

Question 29

what is an orchidectomy

Answer 29

removal of testes