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2=Pathology > 2. Cell response to injury: Morphological Changes 2 > Flashcards

2. Cell response to injury: Morphological Changes 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how can labile and stable cells alter their pattern of growth?

A
  1. size
  2. differentiation
  3. number
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2
Q

2 mechanims in which cells respond to an increase in functional demand?

A

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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3
Q

which 3 cells is hyperplasia not seen in? why?

A

cardiac, skeletal and neuronal cells - they are permanent cells

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4
Q

3 examples of physiological hyperplasia

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. glandular epithelium/endometrium
  3. puberty + pregnancy
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5
Q

in what circumstances does bone marrow hyperplasia occur?

A

in high altitude with low oxygen - stimulates erythropoiesis

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6
Q

in what circumstances does glandular epithelium/endometrium hyperplasia occur?

A

menstrual cycle

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7
Q

in pregnancy and puberty - which cells undergo hyperplasia?

A

breast and myometrial smooth cells

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8
Q

in what 2 organ donations does compensatory hyperplasia occur?

A

liver and kidney

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9
Q

which 3 GF allow the liver to regenerate?

A

TGF-alpha
Hepatocyte GF
IL-6

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10
Q

which 2 growth inhibitors prevent liver regeneration?

A

TGF-beta

IL-1

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11
Q

2 causes of pathological hyperplasia?

A
  1. excess GF/hormones/GH receptors

2. up-regulation of cell-signalling systems

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12
Q

2 examples of pathological hyperplasia?

A
  1. graves disease - thyroid

2. benign prostatic hyperplasia

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13
Q

what is graves disease?

A

increased secretion of TSH causing increased thyroid hormones

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14
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

increase androgens

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15
Q

2 ways in which hypertrophy occurs?

A
  1. increased synthesis of structural components

2. increased RNA synthesis and organelles required for protein synthesis

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16
Q

which cell type is hypertrophy only seen in?

A

permanent/non-dividing cells

17
Q

2 causes of hypertrophy

A
  1. increased functional demand

2. stimulation of hormones/GF

18
Q

2 examples of physiological hypertrophy?

A
  1. skeletal muscle in athletes

2. smooth muscle - pregnancy

19
Q

what occurs in skeletal muscle hypertrophy in athletes?

A

increase in length and width of muscle fibres

20
Q

what causes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in athletes?

A

increased work load

21
Q

in skeletal muscle hypertrophy - what occurs if the stimulus (weight) is ceased?

A

the muscle size returns to normal

22
Q

what causes smooth muscle hypertrophy in pregnancy?

A

oestrogenic hormones bind to oestrogn receptors

23
Q

1 example of pathological hypertrophy?

A

cardiac muscle hypertrophy

24
Q

3 cause of cardiac muscle hypertrophy?

A

chronic haemodynamic overload, hypertension, faulty valves

25
Q

what is atrophy?

A

decrease in cell size

26
Q

what is involution?

A

decrease in cell size and number

27
Q

what 2 changes does involution/atrophy lead to

A
  1. decreased cell metabolism

2. decrease protein synthesis

28
Q

which cells undergo atrophy?

A

permanent

29
Q

which cells undergo involution?

A

stable and labile

30
Q

3 examples of physiological atrophy/involution?

A
  1. loss of endocrine stimulation
  2. embryological structures
  3. thymus gland
31
Q

give an example of atrophy/involution due to loss of endocrine stimulation?

A

menopause - loss of oestrogen stimulation causes atrophy of endometrium of vagina and breast tissue

32
Q

give an example of atrophy/involution of embryonic structures?

A

notochord

33
Q

when does the thymus gland involute?

A

adolescence

34
Q

3 examples of pathological atrophy/involution

A
  1. decreased workload
  2. denervation
  3. lipofusion
35
Q

give an example of atrophy/involution in terms of decreased workload?

A

immbolisation after fractured bone

36
Q

what is lipofusion in cellular atrpohy?

A

the build up of lipofuscin - which is the breakdown product of myocardial fibres as a result of atrophy

37
Q

what is agenesis?

A

absence of tissue/organ due to them not developing

38
Q

what is hypoplasia/aplasia

A

failure in development of normal sized organ

39
Q

describe hypoplasia/aplasia in aplastic anaemia

A
  1. hypofunction of BM
  2. Stem cells not produced
  3. pantocytopenia
  4. BM replaced by fat

2=Pathology (13 decks)

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