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2=Pathology > 6. Cell proliferation and death > Flashcards

6. Cell proliferation and death Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 things control cell proliferation

A 
cell contact 
soluble signals (GF)
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2
Q

increased proliferation achieved by (2)

A
  1. shortening cell cycle

2. recruiting quiescent cells into the cell cycle

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3
Q

3 types of cells in terms of dividing

A
  1. labile
  2. stable
  3. permanent
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4
Q

what are stable cells?

A

cells which have low levels of replication - only divide in response to stimuli

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5
Q

examples of stable cells

A

hepatocytes

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6
Q

examples of permanent cells

A

neurones

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7
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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8
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

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9
Q

1 physiological example of hypertrophy

A

increase in skeletal muscle in athletes

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10
Q

2 pathological examples of hypertrophy

A

1) myocardium
2) arterial smooth muscle
due to hypertension

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11
Q

3 physiological circumstances of hyperplasia

A
  1. high altitude
  2. preganncy
  3. puberty
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12
Q

example of hyperplasia

A

graves disease - of thyroid

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13
Q

give a physiological example where both hypertrophy and hyperplasia occurs

A

uterine smooth muscle - in puberty and pregnancy

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14
Q

3 main phases of cell cycle

A

Interphase
mitosis
G0 = terminally differentiated

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15
Q

which phase occupies most of the cell cycle

A

interphase

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16
Q

3 phases of interphase

A

g1
s
g2

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17
Q

what occurs in G1

A

cells do their normal function - differentiate

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18
Q

what occurs in S

A

DNA replication

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19
Q

what occurs in G2

A

cells prepare for mitosis

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20
Q

stages of mitosis

A

PMAT

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21
Q

what occurs in prophase

A
  • Ch become visible
  • nucleoli dissapear
  • nuclear membrane dissolves
  • centriole migrates to opposite ends of cell
  • spindle of microtubules form between centrioles
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22
Q

what occurs in metaphase

A
  • Duplicated Chs attach at centromere

- Ch line up on metaphase plate

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23
Q

what occurs in anaphase

A
  • chromatids pulled apart to opposite ends of spindle/cell

- centrioles pulled apart

24
Q

what occurs in telophase

A
  • nucleoli reappear, nuclear envelope reforms
  • cleavage forms
  • cytokinesis; cells split
25
Q

what are the 4 main checkpoints

A

G1, S, G2, metaphase

26
Q

role of metaphase checkpoint

A

arrests phase if there is not correct assembly of ch - prevents unequal distribution of DNA in daughter cells

27
Q

which checkpoints are CDKs involved in

A

G1 and G2

28
Q

what does CDK stand for

A

cyclin dependent kinases

29
Q

function of CDKs

A

promote cell cycle progression for accurate DNA replication and mitosis

30
Q

describe how CDKs control cell cycle in 4 steps

A
  1. CDK1+ cyclin B form inactive M-CDK
  2. CAK adds an inhibitory and activating phosphate to inactive M-CDK
  3. at the end of G2 - cdc25 activates the complex by removing the inhibitory phosphate
  4. active M-CDK formed
31
Q

what are the 2 cell cycle regulators

A

p53 pRb

32
Q

in p53’s inactive form - what is it attached to?

A

mdm2

33
Q

in pRb inactive form - what is it attached to?

A

phophorus

34
Q

describe in steps how p53 works

A
  1. inactive = p53+mdm2
  2. cell damage causes activation = p53
  3. p53 acts as TF for p21 (CDK inhibitor)
  4. cell cycle arrest
  5. either repair or apoptosis
35
Q

describe in steps how pRb works

A
  1. inactive = pRb + P
  2. detects DNA damage (via CDK4 and Cyclin D)
  3. activates and attaches to TF = pRb + E2F
  4. blocks progression from G1 to S
36
Q

what does a mutation in p53 cause?

A

Li-Fraumani syndrome - cell stuck in cell cycle arrest

37
Q

what does a mutation in pRb cause?

A

retinoblastoma

38
Q

what is pRb?

A

tumour suppressor gene

39
Q

role of CDKIs

A

cell cycle arrest - allowing for either apoptosis or repair

40
Q

what do High GF control?

A

cell proliferation

41
Q

what do low GF control?

A

cell cycle arrest

42
Q

what do high oncogenes control?

A

cell proliferation

43
Q

what do high tumour suppressors control?

A

cell cycle arrest

44
Q

what do high ECM stiffness control?

A

cell proliferation

45
Q

what do low cell density control?

A

cell proliferation

46
Q

is necrosis passive or active?

A

passive

47
Q

is apoptosis passive or active?

A

active

48
Q

how many cells are destroyed in apoptosis?

A

single cells

49
Q

how manu cells are destroyed in necrosis?

A

cell groups

50
Q

what occurs to lysosomes in i) apoptosis ii) necrosis?

A

i) in tact ii) leak lytic enzymes

51
Q

difference betweeen cell membrane in cell apoptosis and necrosis

A

apop - maintained

nec - lost

52
Q

morphology of apoptosis

A

cell shrinkage and fragmentation to form apoptotic bodies

53
Q

morphology of necrosis

A

cellular swelling and lysis

54
Q

which cell death type involves inflammation; why?

A

only necrosis - neutrophils involved

55
Q

how are dead cells removed in i) apoptosis ii) necrosis?

A

phagocytosis in both

i) macrophages
ii) neutrophils and macrophages

56
Q

apoptosis is a part of

i) normal homeostasis
ii) disease process
iii) both

A

both

57
Q

give 4 examples of apoptosis

A
  1. programmed cell death
  2. regulation of cell population + tumour suppression
  3. neutrophil apoptosis - reducing inflammation
  4. T cell mediated destruction of viral infected cell

2=Pathology (13 decks)

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