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Sozial > 7. The Self > Flashcards

7. The Self Flashcards

1
Q

Subjective self awareness

A

The organism differentiates itself from the environment

E.g. mostly animals

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2
Q

Objective self awareness

A

The organism‘s capacity to be the object of it‘s own attention
E.g. primates, humans

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3
Q

Symbolic self-awareness

A

Organism‘s ability to form an abstract concept of self through language
I.e. humans

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4
Q

Material self

A

Awareness of the physical world

Body, possessions

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5
Q

Spiritual self

A

Inner witness to events
Thoughts
Feelings

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6
Q

Explain Duality of Self

A

Self as object that can be observed

  • I have property X
  • me

Self as agent doing the observing
- I

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7
Q

The Self

Name the two branches

A

Self concept

Self esteem

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8
Q

What is self esteem?

A

How we feel about ourselves

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9
Q

What is self-concept?

A

What we believe to be true to ourselves

I.e. Trails, attitudes, preferences

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10
Q

Define self-concept.

A

A Schema consisting of an organized collection of self beliefs and self-perceptions

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11
Q

How does self-concept evolve?

A

Subjective awareness
Objective awareness
Symbolic awareness

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12
Q

Gallup 1977

A
  • two groups of chimps
  • one raised in isolation
  • one raised in social environment
  • collect baseline measure of touching forehead of both groups (they touch their foreheads the same number of times)
  • anesthetize chimps and put red dot on forehead
  • return to cages and introduce mirror
  • count forehead touches

RESULTS:

  • social chimps touch foreheads more
  • socialization is important
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13
Q

Social comparison theory

A

We learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

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14
Q

Example of social comparison theory

A

If you donate $50 to charity and find out your friend donates $10, you feel generous!

This may not be the case if your friend instead donated $250

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15
Q

When is social comparison theory applied?

A
  • if objective validation is difficult/impossible

- when we experience uncertainty

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16
Q

What are the strategies of social comparison theory?

A

Upward social comparison

Downward social comparison

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17
Q

With whom do we compare ourselves?

A

Impulse: anyone who is around

18
Q

effects of Upward Social Comparison

A

Access possibilities
Realistic goals
Threatens self-esteem

19
Q

Effect of Downwards social comparison

A

enhances self esteem

20
Q

What is the effect on self esteem of downward social comparison with a stranger?

A

Positive

21
Q

What is the effect of upward social comparison with a stranger?

A

no effect

22
Q

What is the effect of downward social comparison with a member of one’s in group?

A

Positive effect on self esteem

23
Q

What is the effect of upward social comparison with a member of someone’s in-group?

A

Negative effect on self esteem

24
Q

What is the effect of downward social comparison with someone very close?

A

Negative effect on self esteem,

Because you see them as an asset, an extension of yourself

25
Q

What is the effect of upward social comparison with someone very close?

A

Positive effect on self esteem

26
Q

Outline the concept of self-perception theory.

A

We do not know what we think or feel until we see what we do

- especially with uncertain or ambiguous feelings

27
Q

Who coined the self-perception theory and when?

A

Bern 1967

28
Q

Is the situation sufficient to explain behaviour?

A
  • if yes, our behaviour is due to external facts

- if not, then assume behaviour is due to internal reasons i.e. it reflects on our traits

29
Q

Explain the phenomenon of over-justification

A

EXTERNAL REWARD NOT PRESENT
• self-perception of enjoyment
• intrinsic motivation is high
• tendency to engage in these activities

EXTERNAL REWARD NOT PRESENT
• self-perception of duty
• intrinsic motivation reduced
• lower tendency to engage in these activities

30
Q

Define self-complexity

A

Range of realistic possible selves that are entertained

— Limited loss from negative event
— Limited gain from positive event

31
Q

State some functions of self-concept

A

— Organizes Personal experience
— Prediction and control
— Regulation of behavior, feelings and thoughts
— Assesses competence

(OPRA)

32
Q

What is the self-reference effect?

A

Self-relevant Information is processed more efficiently
e.g. words are remembered better if processed under the instructions „does this word describe you?“

— elaborating processing: rich knowledge structure, connection is made easily
— categorical processing: information is entered into the self-concept (well-organized system)

33
Q

What is self-esteem?

What are the motives of self-esteem?

A

One‘s evaluation of themselves

MOTIVES:
• self-assessment: seeking accurate self-knowledge
• self-enhancement: seeking positive self-knowledge
• self-verification: seeking self-knowledge consistent with self-concept

34
Q

How do we maintain our self-esteems?

A

• Self-serving attribution bias
- Inflation of our own contribution to success (e.g. job promotion)
- Downplay of our own contribution to failure (e.g. divorce, accident)
• False Optimism
- we believe ourselves to be better than average
• False Uniqueness

35
Q

Correlates of low self-esteem

A 
— high self-ideal discrepancy
— poor social skills
— loneliness
— depression
— decreased effort after failure
— weaker immune system
36
Q

Define self-awareness

A

Extent to which attention is directed inward

37
Q

Methods of escaping self-awareness

A

— alcohol abuse
— binge-eating
— masochism

38
Q

Evolution of Self awareness; name the three steps

A

Subjective
Objective
Symbolic

39
Q

Social self

A

Images we create in the minds of others

Roles, social identities

40
Q

Where does self-knowledge come from?

A

Other people

41
Q

Two factor theory of emotion

A

Physical arousal

Cognitive context

Sozial (14 decks)

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