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Sozial > 5. Social Cognition > Flashcards

5. Social Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Define schema

A

mental framework

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2
Q

What categories of schemata are there?

A
  • social categories (e.g. gender, nationality)
  • person (nerd, athlete, librarian)
  • role (student, professor, physician)
  • event (first date, exam, restaurant)
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3
Q

How are categories organised?

A

by levels of inclusiveness
e.g. european = more inclusive
scottish = less inclusive

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4
Q

Functions of schemata

A
  • selection of relevant information
  • disambiguation
  • prediction and control
  • reconstruction
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5
Q

Advantages of schemata

A
  • frameworks for encoding, storing and retrieving information
  • saves mental effort
  • guidelines for judgement and behaviour (social)
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6
Q

Disadvantages of schemata

A
  • schematic stereotypes
  • persistence even in the presence of dis-confirming evidence (perseverance effect)
  • act as self-fulfilling prophecies
  • biased interpretations
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7
Q

Describe an example of the perseverance effect

A

inadmissable evidence continues to have effect on jury

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8
Q

Describe an example of “biased interpretations”

A
  • football match

- fans from either side complain that there were more fouls from other team

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9
Q

Higgins, Rholes and Jones (1977)

A

PRIMING MANIPULATION
- perception study: memorize words while identifying different colours
- either positive traits or negative traits
- next, rating of Donald after a story
RESULTS:
those who had to memorise the positive traits, ated Donald much more positively

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10
Q

Define stereotype

A

An inference made according to the assignment of a person to a particular category

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11
Q

Factors of schema activation and use

A
  • priming (recency of use)
  • accessibility (frequency of use)
  • situational factors and individual differences
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12
Q

What goes “hand in hand” with schemata?

A

Heuristics

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13
Q

Compare heuristics with schemata

A

schemata - emphasis on knowledge base on which procedure operates
heuristics: emphasis on mental procedure

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14
Q

The Representativeness Heuristic

A

Deciding whether an example belongs to a certain group depending on how similar it is to the other members of that group
Problem: similarity ignores multiple biases

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15
Q

The Base-Rate Fallacy

A

If presented with related base rate information and specific information, you tend to ignore the former and focus on the latter

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16
Q

Representativeness Bias in Concepts of Randomness

A

People expect random sequences to be representative
E.g. a coin toss run of HTHTTH is judged to be more likely than HHHTTT
e.g. The Gambler’s Fallacy: after a run of reds in roulette, black is more likely to come up next

17
Q

Availability Heuristic

A
  • Frequency of an event is assessed by the ease of retrieval of instances in it…
    BUT:
  • availability is influenced by many factors (other than frequency)
18
Q

Explain an example of the availability heuristic.

A

Physicians’ diagnoses are influenced by how easily they can bring different diseases to mind.

19
Q

What factors (other than frequency) can influence availability?

A
  • familiarity
  • salience
  • effectiveness of retrieval strategy
20
Q

Situational Factors:

Costs of being wrong

A
  • outcome dependency

- accountability

21
Q

Situational factors:

Costs of being Indecisive

A
  • anxiety and stress
  • performance pressure
  • communication goals
22
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

people create consequences that align with the predictions toward that specific subject
- evidence stronger for “social” effects than for “achievement”

23
Q

When are self-fulfilling prophecies most likely to occur?

A

When people are distracted

24
Q

Representativeness

A

Judging by resemblance

25
Q

Availability

A

Judging by the ease with which examples come to mind

26
Q

Anchoring Heuristic

A
  • people often estimate by adjusting to an initial value, the anchor
  • biased towards anchor
27
Q

The Framing Bias

A
  • changing the description of a prospect changes the decision
28
Q

What are the two explanations for “The Framing Bias”?

A
  • Prospect Theory

- Priming effect

29
Q

Prospect Theory

re. the framing bias

A
  • negative effect of a loss is larger than the positive effect of a gain
  • losses loom larger than gains
30
Q

How does the Priming Effect explain the Framing Bias?

A
  • positive framing elicits favourable associations
31
Q

Name examples of counterfactual thoughts.

A
  • what if your parents never met?

- how might your life have unfolded differently?

32
Q

Define counterfactual thinking.

A

cognition that involves the simulation of alternatives to past or present factual events/circumstances.
can be directed:
-upwards
-downwards

33
Q

What is meant by downwards-directed counterfactual thoughts?

A
  • simulated alternatives are better than the facts
34
Q

What is meant by upwards-direct counterfactual thoughts?

A
  • simulated alternatives are worse than the facts
35
Q

Name the triggers of counterfactual thoughts.

A
  • failure
  • accidents
  • illness
  • bare misses
36
Q

Name the functions of counterfactual thoughts.

A
  • avoidance of negative outcome in the future
  • escape negative affect e.g. anger/depression
  • causal analysis - especially sensible when a desired or feared outcome was just barely missed
37
Q

What are the cognitive outcomes of dual possibility of an event?

A
  • perceived causality of an antedecent condition
  • assessed probabilities of future, similar events
  • perceived controllability of the event
38
Q

Behavioral Priming

A

— individuals for whom the Schema for rudeness had been primed were much more likely to interrupt an experimenter‘s conversation than were individuals for whom the Schema for „politeness“ had been primed. This was true despite the fact that both groups rated the experimenter the same in terms of politeness

— age experiment: people primed by sorting words associated with age/youth —> subsequent speed of exit measured

  • priming with old words —> slower gait (like elderly)
  • priming with young words —> faster gait (youthful)
39
Q

Consider the Opposite strategy

A

Beforehand deciding

Sozial (14 decks)

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