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Sozial > 13. Prosocial Behaviour > Flashcards

13. Prosocial Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Define prosocial behaviour

A

Acts that help other people

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2
Q

Define altruistic behaviour

A

Prosocial behvaiour with the only goal to help others

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3
Q

Define empathy

A

The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them

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4
Q

Define reciprocity norm

A

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

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5
Q

How does prosocial behaviour align with evolutionary pyschology?

A

Kin Selection

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6
Q

What is meant by “kin selection”?

A

passing on one’s genes

  • not only by own reproduction
  • but also by helping genetic relatives to also have children
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7
Q

Helping as social exchange: benefits

A
  • reciprocity norm
  • can relieve distress experienced as a bystander
  • can improve one’s mood and self-esteem
  • social approval
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8
Q

Helping as social exchange: costs

A
  • physical danger
  • pain
  • embarassment
  • time
  • liability (legal)
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9
Q

Outline the Social Exchange Theory

A
  • true altruism does not exist

- true altruism: helping only for the sake of helping

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10
Q

Who coined the Empathy-Altruism hypothesis? And when?

A

Batson 1991

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11
Q

Name the five main motives of pro-social behaviour.

A
  1. Genetic Determinism
  2. Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
  3. Negative-state relief Model
  4. Empathic Joy Hypothesis
  5. Social Exchange Theory
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12
Q

Explain the five Steps involved in the decision to help.

A
  1. notice the event
  2. interpret the event as an emergency
  3. assume responsibility
  4. know appropriate form of assistance
  5. implement decision
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13
Q

Step 1: Noticing the Emergency

Explain a study investigating this aspect.

A

DARLEY AND BATSON 1973

  • participants were students, studying to be ministers
  • had to go from one building to another for a talk
  • have to go past a person having a hysterical coughing fit/choking

TIME CONDITION:

  • arriving ahead of schedule
  • arriving on schedule
  • arriving behind schedule

RESULTS:
- the greater the time pressure, the fewer passersby stopped to help

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14
Q

Step 2: Interpreting the event as an emergency

Name the phenomenon at play

A

Pluralistic Ignorance

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15
Q

Step 3: Assuming responsibility

Name the Phenomenon

A

The Bystander Effect

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16
Q

What is the cause of the bystander effect?

A

Diffusion of responsibility

17
Q

How can the bystander effect be overcome?

A

Focusing responsibility

18
Q

Focusing responsibility: Describe a study

A 
MORIARTY 1975
- NY beach, radio on towel
- Person owning radio has to leave
- next person asked:
"do you have a light" or "please watch my things"
- confederate tries to steal the radio

RESULTS:
almost a of the people asked to watch intervene, not many of the others do who were only asked for a light

19
Q

In a group setting, who is most likely to assume responsibility?

A
  • group leader

- most competent (e.g. doctor)

20
Q

Outline empathy-altruism

A

empathy –> altruistic behaviour

no empathy –> pro-social behaviour depending on costs and benefits

21
Q

Outline the negative-state relief model

A
  • helping as a means to reduce own negative affect

- negative affect can stem from emergency itself or an underlying source

22
Q

Describe a study that supports the negative-state relief model

A

HARRIS, BENSON & HALL
Charity donations of catholic subjects were recorded before and after a concession.
- more donations were made before a concession
- guilt seems to lead to altruism

23
Q

Outline the empathic-joy hypothesis

A
  • helping because empathic people share the helped person’s positive feelings
  • desire to act
  • motivated by prospect of positive feedback
24
Q

Name other factors of pro-social behaviour

A
  • urban vs. rural environments
  • the victim’s characteristics
  • gender
25
Q

Describe a study that highlights the differences in pro-social behaviour between urban and rural environments

A

AMATO 1983
- a man suddenly falls down and cries out with pain
SMALL TOWN: 50% stopped to help
BIG CITY: 15% stopped to help

26
Q

Explanation for the discrepancy between rural and urban environments?

A
  1. Urban overload hypothesis
  2. Alienation
  3. Diffusion of responsibility
27
Q

What is meant by the “urban overload hypothesis”?

A
  • people in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation, they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed
28
Q

What is meant by “alienation” with regard to the urban/rural discrepancy?

A
  • people who grow up in small towns are more likely to internalise altruistic values
29
Q

How does the nature of the relationship between helper and victim affect the likelihood for pro-social action to be undertaken?

A

stranger < friend < genetic relative

30
Q

Chances of receiving help increase if the victim is…

A
  • attractive
  • similar to potential helper
  • is not perceived as responsible for his/her plight
31
Q

Gender differences

A

Men help more than women when…
— act is dangerous
— act requires stereotypically male skills
— Person in need is a woman

Women help more when…
— giving to charity
— (long-term) caring for friends, family and others

Sozial (14 decks)

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