7-Lymph, Integumentary, GI, Endocrine Flashcards
What are the functions of the Lymphatic system (2)
- Remove waste products from cells
- Manage infections
What is the role of lymph fluid
Wash away waste from the normal function of cells
How does lymph work (4)
- Bathes all cells of the body
- Cleanses tissues
- Moves through lymphatic vessels, to lymph noes and organs
- Rejoins general circulation
Location of the bodies lymph noes
Clusters in the groin, armpits, neck, intestines
What is inside lymph nodes and its roles (3)
-Lymphocytes (WBC)
- Produce antibodies
- Phagocytosis of infectious microorganisms
- Create recognition for that infection and destroy it
What are 3 lines of defense in the immune system
- Skin
- Inflammatory response (Primary response)
- Immunity (Secondary response
Define allergen
Antigen causing allergic reaction
Define antibodies
Attack specific antigens
Define immunoglobulins (IG)
Proteins acting as antibodies
Explain the primary response (2)
- Cells attract, identify, search for and surround invader
- Antibodies are then produced in case it enters again
What are basophils
Guard specific sites
What are mast cells
Cells that roam the body for invading microorganisms
What mediators do basophils and mast cells produce (5)
- Histamine
- Eosinophil
- Arachidonic acid
- Protoglycans
- Kinins
What happens if an “intruder” returns to the body (3)
- Antibodies release the mediators
- More WBC are called to defend
- More blood is called in
- Vasodilation
- Capillary permeablility
What are the effects of histamine (3)
- Increase vascular permeability
- Reduces BP
- Reduced vessel volume
- Reduced preload
- Urticaria (hives)
- Capillary and venous dilation
- Rapid onset, short duration
What are the effects of leukotrienes
- Coronary vasoconstriction
- Wheezing
- Slow acting, long duration
Effects of eosinophils, heparin, kinins, prostoglandins, thromboxanes (3)
- Fever, chills
- Bronchospasm
- Pulmonary vasonconstriction
What is angioedema
Swelling of tongue, face and lips
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes
- B
- T
What are b lymphocytes and an example
- Produced by bone marrow and mature in the bone, attack specific organism
- Antibodies (Humoral)
What are t lymphocytes and an example
- Produced by bone marrow and mature in thymus, not specific/attack all foreign organisms. The do not produce antibodies
- White Blood Cells
What is acquired immunity
- Vaccine produces antibodies
- Dont get the disease
- Rides the disease if it invades
What is natural immunity
- Get a disease
- Antibodies are produced
- Acquire symptoms of the disease
What is an antibody (3)
- Developed in a controlled manner
- Produced by B lymphocytes (attack specific antigen)
- Binds with antigen to remove or manipulate it
What is an immunoglobulin
-Proteins that act as antibodies
What are the classes of immunoglobulins and their roles
- IgM- Produced first
- IgG- Has “memory”
- IgA- Involved in secretory immune response
- IgE- Involved in allergic reactions
- IgD- Present in very low concentrations
What is the most important immunoglobulin to know and why
- IgE
- Its involved in allergic reactions
What type of attack is anaphylaxis considered
Systemic attack
Difference between immune and inflammatory response
- Inflammation is faster
- Immune targets specific antigens
- Inflammations involves many types of WBC and platelets
- Inflammation involves several plasma proteins
What is the largest organ of the body
Skin
What are the functions of skin (4)
- Mechanical barrier
- Protective barrier
- Sensory organ
- Temperature regulation
What are 3 accessory integumentary structures
- Nails
- Hairs
- Sweat glands
What is the role of the nails
Protect ends of fingers and toes
-Middle finger grows fastest, thumb slowest
What is the role of hair
Environmental sensors
- Sebaceous (oil) glands
- Small muscles pull hair erect
What is the role of sweat glands
To cool the body
Parts of the digestive system GI tract (7)
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Anus
Accessory organs of the digestive system (6)
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Gall bladder
- Pancreas
Define digestion
Breaking down of large food particles into molecules (catabolism)
Define absorption
Passage of molecules into blood and lymph
What is the importance of food (2)
- Provide nutrients for body repair and needed chemical reactions
- Provide energy for chemical reactions, muscle contraction, conduct nerve impulses, secrete and absorb activities of cells
Overall “process” of digestion
- Food breakdown to molecules
- Absorbed by digestive tract
- Small enough to pass into cells
- Cells use the energy
What are the steps of digestion (6)
- Ingestion
- Secretion
- Mixing and propulsion (motility)
- Mechanical and chemical digestion
- Absorption
- Defecation
What are examples of mechanical digestion (3)
- Mastication- Chewing
- Peristalsis- Contraction and relaxation for movement of food through the body
- Churning- Stomach and small intestines
What are examples of chemical digestion (2)
-Series of catabolic reactions
-Bigger molecules break down into small molecules
Ex. Carbs, proteins, lipids
What structures form the mouth (5)
- Cheeks
- Hard palate
- Soft palate
- Lips
- Tongue
What is the role of amylase and what inactivates it
Converts polysaccharides (starches) to disaccharides (maltose)
-Inactivated by hydrochloride acid in the digestive system
What do lingual glands do
Secrete lingual lipase
Where does the stomach begin and end
Begins- Bottom of the esophagus
Ends- At the pylorus sphincter
4 functions of the stomach
- Mix and hold food
- Begins digestion of proteins
- Continues digestion of triglycerides
- Converts food bonus to chyme (a liquid)
3 kinds of mechanical digestion in the stomach
- Mixing waves (every 15-25 secs.)
- Forms chyme (soupy liquid)
- Less mixing at first, more towards pylorus
What does the endocrine system control the body through
Hormones
Where do hormone receptors work
Specific area or entire body
What is a hormone
Chemical that causes a receptor cell to respond
Negative feedback with hormonal balance (3)
- Hormone is produced
- It works
- Another hormone released to stop it
(Hormone to stop it)
Positive feedback with hormonal balance (3)
- Low hormone level produced
- It doesn’t work
- More hormone is produced
(Hormone amplified)
What glands are contained in the brain (3)
- Hypothalmus
- Pituitary
- Pineal
What glands are located in the neck (2)
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
What gland is located in the chest
-Thymus
What glands are located in the abdomen (2)
- Adrenal
- Pancreas
What gland is located in the pelvis
-Gonads
What are the 3 types of islet cells
- Alpha
- Beta
- Delta
What are the roles of alpha islets of langerhans (2)
- Secrete glucagon
- Raise blood sugar
What are the roles of the beta islets of langerhans (2)
- Secrete insulin
- Path for glucose to enter cells
What do delta islet cells do
Secrete somatostatin, which inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
What happens to extra sugar in the body
- Converted to glycogen, which are long chains of sugar
- Some go to an immediate sugar storage
What happens to extra glycogen in the body
-Converted to fat for long term sugar storage
What does glycogen do
Takes stored sugar from the liver and brings it into the blood stream to obtain the proper BGL
What is glycogenesis
Sugar is bonded together and stored into the subcutaneous layer
What is glycogenolysis
Glycogen broken apart in the liver for the blood stream
What is glyconeogenesis
Proteins converted into sugar
What is the role of the pineal gland
-For sleep, produces melatonin
What is the role of the hypothalmus
-Secretes hormones
What is the role of the pituitary gland
-Regulates hormones
Oxytocin and vasopressin
What is the role of the hypothalmus
Link between nervous and endocrine system
-Sends info from brain to gland
What is the role of the pituitary gland
(The master gland)
- Controls how all other glands work
- Most well protected gland
What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland and its 2 hormones
Responds to nerve impulses from hypothalmus
- Oxytocin- Uterine contractions and milk production
- Vasopressin- Kidneys retain water, vasoconstriction
What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland
Respond to hormones from hypothalmus
