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Sinclair Paramedic 2100 > 7-Lymph, Integumentary, GI, Endocrine > Flashcards

7-Lymph, Integumentary, GI, Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the Lymphatic system (2)

A
  • Remove waste products from cells

- Manage infections

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2
Q

What is the role of lymph fluid

A

Wash away waste from the normal function of cells

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3
Q

How does lymph work (4)

A
  • Bathes all cells of the body
  • Cleanses tissues
  • Moves through lymphatic vessels, to lymph noes and organs
  • Rejoins general circulation
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4
Q

Location of the bodies lymph noes

A

Clusters in the groin, armpits, neck, intestines

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5
Q

What is inside lymph nodes and its roles (3)

A

-Lymphocytes (WBC)

  • Produce antibodies
  • Phagocytosis of infectious microorganisms
  • Create recognition for that infection and destroy it
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6
Q

What are 3 lines of defense in the immune system

A
  • Skin
  • Inflammatory response (Primary response)
  • Immunity (Secondary response
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7
Q

Define allergen

A

Antigen causing allergic reaction

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8
Q

Define antibodies

A

Attack specific antigens

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9
Q

Define immunoglobulins (IG)

A

Proteins acting as antibodies

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10
Q

Explain the primary response (2)

A
  • Cells attract, identify, search for and surround invader

- Antibodies are then produced in case it enters again

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11
Q

What are basophils

A

Guard specific sites

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12
Q

What are mast cells

A

Cells that roam the body for invading microorganisms

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13
Q

What mediators do basophils and mast cells produce (5)

A
  • Histamine
  • Eosinophil
  • Arachidonic acid
  • Protoglycans
  • Kinins
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14
Q

What happens if an “intruder” returns to the body (3)

A
  • Antibodies release the mediators
  • More WBC are called to defend
  • More blood is called in
    • Vasodilation
    • Capillary permeablility
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15
Q

What are the effects of histamine (3)

A
  • Increase vascular permeability
    • Reduces BP
    • Reduced vessel volume
    • Reduced preload
    • Urticaria (hives)
  • Capillary and venous dilation
  • Rapid onset, short duration
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16
Q

What are the effects of leukotrienes

A
  • Coronary vasoconstriction
  • Wheezing
  • Slow acting, long duration
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17
Q

Effects of eosinophils, heparin, kinins, prostoglandins, thromboxanes (3)

A
  • Fever, chills
  • Bronchospasm
  • Pulmonary vasonconstriction
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18
Q

What is angioedema

A

Swelling of tongue, face and lips

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes

A
  • B

- T

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20
Q

What are b lymphocytes and an example

A
  • Produced by bone marrow and mature in the bone, attack specific organism
  • Antibodies (Humoral)
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21
Q

What are t lymphocytes and an example

A
  • Produced by bone marrow and mature in thymus, not specific/attack all foreign organisms. The do not produce antibodies
  • White Blood Cells
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22
Q

What is acquired immunity

A
  • Vaccine produces antibodies
  • Dont get the disease
  • Rides the disease if it invades
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23
Q

What is natural immunity

A
  • Get a disease
  • Antibodies are produced
  • Acquire symptoms of the disease
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24
Q

What is an antibody (3)

A
  • Developed in a controlled manner
  • Produced by B lymphocytes (attack specific antigen)
  • Binds with antigen to remove or manipulate it
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25
Q

What is an immunoglobulin

A

-Proteins that act as antibodies

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26
Q

What are the classes of immunoglobulins and their roles

A
  • IgM- Produced first
  • IgG- Has “memory”
  • IgA- Involved in secretory immune response
  • IgE- Involved in allergic reactions
  • IgD- Present in very low concentrations
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27
Q

What is the most important immunoglobulin to know and why

A
  • IgE

- Its involved in allergic reactions

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28
Q

What type of attack is anaphylaxis considered

A

Systemic attack

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29
Q

Difference between immune and inflammatory response

A
  • Inflammation is faster
  • Immune targets specific antigens
  • Inflammations involves many types of WBC and platelets
  • Inflammation involves several plasma proteins
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30
Q

What is the largest organ of the body

A

Skin

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31
Q

What are the functions of skin (4)

A
  • Mechanical barrier
  • Protective barrier
  • Sensory organ
  • Temperature regulation
32
Q

What are 3 accessory integumentary structures

A
  • Nails
  • Hairs
  • Sweat glands
33
Q

What is the role of the nails

A

Protect ends of fingers and toes

-Middle finger grows fastest, thumb slowest

34
Q

What is the role of hair

A

Environmental sensors

  • Sebaceous (oil) glands
  • Small muscles pull hair erect
35
Q

What is the role of sweat glands

A

To cool the body

36
Q

Parts of the digestive system GI tract (7)

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Anus
37
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system (6)

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
38
Q

Define digestion

A

Breaking down of large food particles into molecules (catabolism)

39
Q

Define absorption

A

Passage of molecules into blood and lymph

40
Q

What is the importance of food (2)

A
  • Provide nutrients for body repair and needed chemical reactions
  • Provide energy for chemical reactions, muscle contraction, conduct nerve impulses, secrete and absorb activities of cells
41
Q

Overall “process” of digestion

A
  • Food breakdown to molecules
  • Absorbed by digestive tract
  • Small enough to pass into cells
  • Cells use the energy
42
Q

What are the steps of digestion (6)

A
  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Mixing and propulsion (motility)
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
43
Q

What are examples of mechanical digestion (3)

A
  • Mastication- Chewing
  • Peristalsis- Contraction and relaxation for movement of food through the body
  • Churning- Stomach and small intestines
44
Q

What are examples of chemical digestion (2)

A

-Series of catabolic reactions

-Bigger molecules break down into small molecules
Ex. Carbs, proteins, lipids

45
Q

What structures form the mouth (5)

A
  • Cheeks
  • Hard palate
  • Soft palate
  • Lips
  • Tongue
46
Q

What is the role of amylase and what inactivates it

A

Converts polysaccharides (starches) to disaccharides (maltose)

-Inactivated by hydrochloride acid in the digestive system

47
Q

What do lingual glands do

A

Secrete lingual lipase

48
Q

Where does the stomach begin and end

A

Begins- Bottom of the esophagus

Ends- At the pylorus sphincter

49
Q

4 functions of the stomach

A
  • Mix and hold food
  • Begins digestion of proteins
  • Continues digestion of triglycerides
  • Converts food bonus to chyme (a liquid)
50
Q

3 kinds of mechanical digestion in the stomach

A
  • Mixing waves (every 15-25 secs.)
  • Forms chyme (soupy liquid)
  • Less mixing at first, more towards pylorus
51
Q

What does the endocrine system control the body through

A

Hormones

52
Q

Where do hormone receptors work

A

Specific area or entire body

53
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical that causes a receptor cell to respond

54
Q

Negative feedback with hormonal balance (3)

A
  • Hormone is produced
  • It works
  • Another hormone released to stop it

(Hormone to stop it)

55
Q

Positive feedback with hormonal balance (3)

A
  • Low hormone level produced
  • It doesn’t work
  • More hormone is produced

(Hormone amplified)

56
Q

What glands are contained in the brain (3)

A
  • Hypothalmus
  • Pituitary
  • Pineal
57
Q

What glands are located in the neck (2)

A
  • Thyroid

- Parathyroid

58
Q

What gland is located in the chest

A

-Thymus

59
Q

What glands are located in the abdomen (2)

A
  • Adrenal

- Pancreas

60
Q

What gland is located in the pelvis

A

-Gonads

61
Q

What are the 3 types of islet cells

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Delta
62
Q

What are the roles of alpha islets of langerhans (2)

A
  • Secrete glucagon

- Raise blood sugar

63
Q

What are the roles of the beta islets of langerhans (2)

A
  • Secrete insulin

- Path for glucose to enter cells

64
Q

What do delta islet cells do

A

Secrete somatostatin, which inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

65
Q

What happens to extra sugar in the body

A
  • Converted to glycogen, which are long chains of sugar

- Some go to an immediate sugar storage

66
Q

What happens to extra glycogen in the body

A

-Converted to fat for long term sugar storage

67
Q

What does glycogen do

A

Takes stored sugar from the liver and brings it into the blood stream to obtain the proper BGL

68
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Sugar is bonded together and stored into the subcutaneous layer

69
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen broken apart in the liver for the blood stream

70
Q

What is glyconeogenesis

A

Proteins converted into sugar

71
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland

A

-For sleep, produces melatonin

72
Q

What is the role of the hypothalmus

A

-Secretes hormones

73
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland

A

-Regulates hormones

Oxytocin and vasopressin

74
Q

What is the role of the hypothalmus

A

Link between nervous and endocrine system

-Sends info from brain to gland

75
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland

A

(The master gland)

  • Controls how all other glands work
  • Most well protected gland
76
Q

What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland and its 2 hormones

A

Responds to nerve impulses from hypothalmus

  • Oxytocin- Uterine contractions and milk production
  • Vasopressin- Kidneys retain water, vasoconstriction
77
Q

What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Respond to hormones from hypothalmus

Sinclair Paramedic 2100 (10 decks)

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