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Sinclair Paramedic 2100 > 5-Cardiology > Flashcards

5-Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located, size and apex/base location

A
  • Midsternally
  • Size of patients fist
  • Base on top, apex at bottom
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2
Q

What is the pericardium

A
  • Sack around the heart

- Contains a small amount of fluid

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3
Q

Layers of the pericardium (3)

A
  • Fibrous (outer)
  • Serous (middle)
  • Visceral/Epicardium (internal)
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4
Q

Layers of the heart and what they do (3)

A
  • Epicardium-Outer layer
  • Myocardium-Beats
  • Endocardium-Smooth inner layer
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5
Q

What is a myofibril

A

Rod-like unit that makes up a muscle cell in the heart

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6
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Connect myofibrils

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7
Q

Desmond

A

“Spot welds” between myofibrils

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8
Q

Gap junction

A

Allows signal to pass from one myofibril to the next

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9
Q

4 chambers of the heart and what their roles are

A
  • RA-Reservoir for venous blood
  • LA-Reservoir for oxygenated blood
  • RV-Low pressure pulmonary pumping
  • LV-High pressure systemic pumping
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10
Q

What is the role of the Atrioventricular septum (2)

A
  • Separate atria from ventricles

- Does not allow impulse to go back to the atria

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11
Q

What are the heart valves controlled by and through

A
  • Controlled by papillary muscles

- Controlled though chordae tendineae

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12
Q

What are the 2 main types of heart valves

A
  • Atrioventricular

- Semilunar

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13
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves, 2 semilunar valves and where are they

A
  • Tricuspid-Right side
  • Mitral-Left side
  • Aortic-Aorta from LV
  • Pulmonic-Pulmonary vein from RV
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14
Q

Describe semilunar valves

A
  • Passive- control unidirectional flow
  • Open during systole
  • Closed during diastole
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15
Q

What is the RCA and where does it go

A

Right coronary artery, supplies right side anterior of the heart

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16
Q

What is the LCA, what does it split into and where do they go

A

-Left coronary artery

  • Left circumflex artery, lateral and rear sides
  • Left anterior descending artery, anterior and down
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17
Q

What is the coronary sinus (3)

A
  • Meeting point of heart veins that blood deposits into
  • Drains left ventricle into right atrium
  • Roughly pairs arterial circulation
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18
Q

Steps of blood flow through the heart, start at RA (14)

A
  1. RV
  2. Tricuspid valve
  3. RV
  4. Pulmonic valve
  5. Pulmonary artery
  6. Lungs
  7. Pulmonary vein
  8. LA
  9. Mitral valve
  10. LV
  11. Aortic valve
  12. Aorta
  13. Body circulation
  14. Inferior/superior vena cava
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19
Q

What valves are open and closed during the systolic phase

A

Open- Aortic valve, pulmonic valve (semilunar valves)

Closed- Mitral valve, tricuspid valve (Atrioventricular valves)

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20
Q

What valves are open and closed during diastole

A

Open- Mitral valve and tricuspid valve (Atrioventricular valves)

Closed- Aortic valve and pulmonary valve (Semilunar valves)

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21
Q

What is preload

A

-The amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole

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22
Q

What is Starlings Law

A

-The more the myocardium is stretched, the more forcefully it will contract

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23
Q

What is afterload

A

Pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood during systole

(Resistance a contraction must over come to eject blood)
(Decreased vessel size=increased pressure)

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24
Q

What is stroke volume and what effects it (3)

A

The amount of blood ejected by the hear in each contraction

  • Preload
  • Contractile force
  • After load
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25
What can change contractile force, 2 example and how they work
Catecholamines (hormones) 1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine -Enhance contractile fore by acting on the beta-adrenergic receptors
26
What is the cardiac output formula
CO=stroke volume x HR
27
What is the normal range for stroke volume
Normal SV 60-100ml
28
What is the Fick Principle (4 main point)
* Utilization of O2 is dependent upon - Adequate O2 in the environment - Movement of O2 across alveolar and capillary membrane, into arterial bloodstream * Adequate RBCs to take oxygen * Proper tissue diffusion * Efficient off loading of oxygen at the tissue level
29
What is the formula for blood pressure
BP = CO (mL/min) x PVR
30
What is PVR
Resistance of vessels to blood flow
31
What regulates systolic BP number
Contractility of the heart
32
What regulates diastolic BP number
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
33
What is pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic numbers
34
What is the mean arterial pressure
The average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle
35
What is the formula for mean arterial pressure (MAP)
MAP=DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)
36
What are the 4 components of blood
- Plasma - Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) - White blood cells (Leukocytes) - Platelets (Thrombocytes)
37
What is the role of plasma
Fluid part of blood
38
What is the role of Erythrocytes
Carries O2, makes the blood red
39
What is the role of Leukocytes
Protect the body from infection
40
What is the role of Thrombocytes
Clots blood
41
What 4 things regulate heart function
- Brain via autonomic nervous system - Receptors in blood vessels, kidneys, brain and heart for homeostasis - Chemoreceptors - Baroreceptors
42
Whale are Chemo and Baroreceptors located and what does each do
Aortic arch and carotid arteries - Chemoreceptors- Regulate O2, CO2 and pH levels - Baroreceptors- Regulate blood pressure
43
4 key points about the sympathetic nervous system
- Adrenergic receptors - Fight or flight - Alpha-beta response - Norepinephrine
44
4 key points about the parasympathetic nervous system
- Cholinergic receptors - Rest and digest - Vagus nerve response - Acetylcholine
45
The role of alpha 1 receptors
Vasoconstriction
46
The roles of the beta 1 receptors
- Increase HR (+ Chronotropic) - Increase automaticity (+ Inotropic) - Increase Contractility (+ Dromotropic)
47
What is the role of the beta 2 receptor
Bronchodilation
48
Define automaticity
Able to initiate impulses
49
Define excitability
Able to be stimulated to act
50
Define conductivity
Able to conduct impulses
51
List the normal electrical sequence of the heart
1. SA node 2. Internodal pathways 3. AV node 4. Bundle of His 5. Bundle branches 6. Perkinje fibers/network
52
What and where is the SA node
Dominant pacemaker site of the heart that is innervated by SNS and PNS Top of RA
53
List the 4 internodal pathways
Anterior internodal tract Middle internodal tract Posterior internodal tract Bachmanns bundle
54
What is the Bundle of His
Brings impulses from AV node in the atria through the atrioventricular septum into the bundle branches
55
Intrinsic firing rates of the SA, AV and ventricles
SA- 60-100 AV- 40-60 Ventricles- 20-40
56
Describe phases 0-4 of action potential
0. Rapid depolarization 1. Early rapid repolarization 2. Plateau phase 3. Rapid repolarization 4. Period between action potentials
57
Describe phase 0- Rapid depolarization (2)
- Fast Na channels open, allowing NA into cell | - Inside becomes positive
58
Describe phase 1- Early rapid repolarization (4)
- Na channels close, Na flow stops - K continues to leave - Decrease in number of positive electrical charges in the cell - Returns to resting permeability state(allowing muscles to contract)
59
Describe phase 2- Plateau phase (4)
- Prolonged phase of repolarization - Ca enters, initiating contraction - K continues to slowly leave - Completion of muscle contraction occurs
60
Describe phase 3- Rapid repolarization (3)
- Cell becomes more negative - Slow calcium channels close - Repolarization is completed
61
Describe phase 4 (2)
- Period between action potentials | - Activates Na-K pumps, returning the cell to its normal state

Sinclair Paramedic 2100 (10 decks)

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