3-Respiratory Flashcards by Brian Mariano

Functions of the upper airway (3)

-Filter air
-Humidify air
-Warm air

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Main structures of the upper airway (3)

-Nose
-Pharynx
-Larynx

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Parts of the external nose (5)

-Root
-Bridge
-Apex
-Naris
-Septum

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Role of the septum

Divide the nares

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The entire airway is lined by?

Mucus

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What are olfactory receptors

Nerve endings that give the sense of smell

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Parts of the paranasal sinuses (4)

-Frontal
-Maxillary
-Sphenoidal
-Ethmoidal

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Roles of the paranasal (2) and what is it

-Drain into nasal cavities
-Assist in production of mucus

-Hollow spaces, chamber for sound production

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What is sinusitis

Nasal mucosa is inflamed

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Pharynx length and divisions (3)

-About 5 inches

-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx

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General functions of the pharynx (2) and functions in upper (3) and lower airway (4)

-Transport oxygen to cells
-Transport CO2 away from cells

-Upper
-Filters, humidifies and warms air

-Lower
-Same as upper
-Removal of foreign particles

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Nasopharynx meatuses/conchae (3) and their role

-Superior
-Middle
-Inferior

-Turbulate air to warm in

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Role of Nasopharynx auditory(eustachian) tubes

Connect to middle ear

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Role of the soft palate

Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity

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Parts of the oropharynx (7)

-Lips
-Hard palate
-Soft palate
-Uvula
-Vestibule
-Tonsil
-Tongue

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Parts of the Larynx (6)

-Voice box
-Thyroid cartilage
-Vocal cords
-Glottis
-Epiglottis
-Valecula

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What is the vallecula

Flap just posterior and inferior to the tongue that covers the trachea

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What color are the vocal cords and edge of epiglottis

Whiteish

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Parts of the lower airway

Everything below the Corina

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What is the Corina

Where the trachea separates into left and right mainstem bronchus

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What is another word for trachea and its length

-Wind pipe

-About 11cm long

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What surrounds the outside of the trachea

-Hyaline cartilage (tracheal ring)

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Function of the pleura

Lubrication between pleura when breathing

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What are the 2 types of Pleura and describe them

-Parietal
-Attached to thorax
-Has nerves

-Visceral
-Attached to lung
-No nerves present

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What is pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura and causes pain when pleural membranes rub

What is the Hilum of the Lung

-Orifices on the medial aspect of the lung that the bronchus, arteries, nerves enter and veins and lymphatics exit

Bronchi branch off to __________ then _________

-Bronchioles, Alveoli

What are Alveoli lined with and what is the purpose (2)

-Surfactant -Keeps alveoli from collapsing and eases expansion by decreasing surface tension

Do alveoli become thicker or thinner as they expand? Why?

Thinner to ease the exchange of gasses

What is Atelectasis?

-Alveolar collapse due to decreased surfactant

What is PEEP and the normal range?

-Positive end expiratory pressure - 3cmH2O to 5cmH2O

Less surfactant = higher or greater pressure needed for lung expansion? Ex of Less surfactant issues (2)

-Higher -Pneumonia, CHF

What is pink frothy sputum

Alveolar surfactant pushed out by other liquids such as blood

What is respiratory mucosa and what is responsible for making it?

-Lines tubes of respiratory tree -Made by Goblette cells

What is the role of respiratory mucosa (4)

-Purify air -Trap irritants -Warms air -Humidifies air

What is diffusion

Gas movement from high concentration to low concentration

What is outside respiration

The physiological act of breathing

What is inside respiration

Oxygen movement into a cell and CO2 movement out of a cell

Steps of a respiration (10)

-CO2 build up in blood -Medulla detect excess CO2 -Diaphragm contracts -Chest increases, pressure drops -Inspiration begins -Hering Breuer reflex stops inspiration -Medulla sends signal to diaphragm -Diaphragm relaxes -Chest contract, pressure increases -Expiration begins

What is Hering Breuer reflex

The point of inspiration that stretches the vagus nerve to stop inspiration so the lungs don’t pop

What is TV and the normal amount

-Tidal volume, air moved in and out at rest -500cc (1/2 liter)

What is IRV and normal amount

-Inspiratory reserve volume, air that can be inhaled deeply -3000cc

What is ERV and the normal amount

-Expiratory reserve volume, air that can be forcibly exhaled -1200cc

What is RV and the normal amount

-Residual volume, remaining air in the lungs after ERV -1200cc

What is MRV and its calculation

-Air inhaled or exhaled in one minute -RR x TV

What is Vital capacity

Total possible inspiratory and expiratory amounts

What is compliance

How easily the lungs expand

What is Resistance

How easily air flows through the system

SHALLOW BREATHS MEANS!?

BAG THEM!!!

What is FiO2 and how is it displayed

-Percentage of O2 in inspired air, O2 being delivered into the body -Commonly in decimal form (FiO2 of room air is 0.21)

What is Normal arterial pressure and the O2, CO2 norms

-Amount of O2 and CO2 actually in the blood -O2 80-100 -CO2 35-40

What is oxygen concentration in the blood and formula

-How much oxygen is attached to hemoglobin -O2 content/O2 capacity x 100%

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve Left vs Right and causes

-Moves to the left, holds on more -Hypothermia -Hypocarbia -Alkalosis -Moves to the right, lets go more easily -Hyperthermia -Hypercarbia -Acidosis

Factors affecting oxygen concentration in the blood

Ventilation(V)/Perfusion(Q) mismatch occurs when a portion of the alveoli collapses

Causes of V/Q mismatch (Atelectasis) (4)

-Hypoventilation -Pneumothorax -Hemothorax -Pulmonary embolism

Causes of decreased CO2 levels (1)

Hyperventilation

Causes of increased CO2 production (4)

-Fever -Muscle exertion, shivering -Metabolic process resulting in metabolic acids -Decreased alveolar ventilation

How to correct hypercarbia (3)

-Increase ventilation rate -Increase ventilation volume -Treat underlying cause

How do the listed factors effect RR -Fever -Emotion -Pain -Hypoxia -Acidosis -Stimulants -Depressants -Sleep

-Fever-Increase -Emotion-Increase -Pain-Increase -Hypoxia-Increase -Acidosis-Increases -Stimulants-Increase -Depressants-Decrease -Sleep-Decrease

Lund sounds and explanation -Stridor -Wheezing -Fine crackles -Coarse crackles -Pleural rub

-Stridor- Upper airway obstruction -Wheezing- Lower airway obstruction -Fine crackles- Alveolar collapse -Coarse crackles- Fluid in the lungs -Pleural rub- Visceral/Parietal pleura rubbing