3-Respiratory Flashcards
Functions of the upper airway (3)
-Filter air
-Humidify air
-Warm air
Main structures of the upper airway (3)
-Nose
-Pharynx
-Larynx
Parts of the external nose (5)
-Root
-Bridge
-Apex
-Naris
-Septum
Role of the septum
Divide the nares
The entire airway is lined by?
Mucus
What are olfactory receptors
Nerve endings that give the sense of smell
Parts of the paranasal sinuses (4)
-Frontal
-Maxillary
-Sphenoidal
-Ethmoidal
Roles of the paranasal (2) and what is it
-Drain into nasal cavities
-Assist in production of mucus
-Hollow spaces, chamber for sound production
What is sinusitis
Nasal mucosa is inflamed
Pharynx length and divisions (3)
-About 5 inches
-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx
General functions of the pharynx (2) and functions in upper (3) and lower airway (4)
-Transport oxygen to cells
-Transport CO2 away from cells
-Upper
-Filters, humidifies and warms air
-Lower
-Same as upper
-Removal of foreign particles
Nasopharynx meatuses/conchae (3) and their role
-Superior
-Middle
-Inferior
-Turbulate air to warm in
Role of Nasopharynx auditory(eustachian) tubes
Connect to middle ear
Role of the soft palate
Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
Parts of the oropharynx (7)
-Lips
-Hard palate
-Soft palate
-Uvula
-Vestibule
-Tonsil
-Tongue
Parts of the Larynx (6)
-Voice box
-Thyroid cartilage
-Vocal cords
-Glottis
-Epiglottis
-Valecula
What is the vallecula
Flap just posterior and inferior to the tongue that covers the trachea
What color are the vocal cords and edge of epiglottis
Whiteish
Parts of the lower airway
Everything below the Corina
What is the Corina
Where the trachea separates into left and right mainstem bronchus
What is another word for trachea and its length
-Wind pipe
-About 11cm long
What surrounds the outside of the trachea
-Hyaline cartilage (tracheal ring)
Function of the pleura
Lubrication between pleura when breathing
What are the 2 types of Pleura and describe them
-Parietal
-Attached to thorax
-Has nerves
-Visceral
-Attached to lung
-No nerves present
What is pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura and causes pain when pleural membranes rub
What is the Hilum of the Lung
-Orifices on the medial aspect of the lung that the bronchus, arteries, nerves enter and veins and lymphatics exit
Bronchi branch off to __________ then _________
-Bronchioles, Alveoli
What are Alveoli lined with and what is the purpose (2)
-Surfactant
-Keeps alveoli from collapsing and eases expansion by decreasing surface tension
Do alveoli become thicker or thinner as they expand? Why?
Thinner to ease the exchange of gasses
What is Atelectasis?
-Alveolar collapse due to decreased surfactant
What is PEEP and the normal range?
-Positive end expiratory pressure
- 3cmH2O to 5cmH2O
Less surfactant = higher or greater pressure needed for lung expansion? Ex of Less surfactant issues (2)
-Higher
-Pneumonia, CHF
What is pink frothy sputum
Alveolar surfactant pushed out by other liquids such as blood
What is respiratory mucosa and what is responsible for making it?
-Lines tubes of respiratory tree
-Made by Goblette cells
What is the role of respiratory mucosa (4)
-Purify air
-Trap irritants
-Warms air
-Humidifies air
What is diffusion
Gas movement from high concentration to low concentration
What is outside respiration
The physiological act of breathing
What is inside respiration
Oxygen movement into a cell and CO2 movement out of a cell
Steps of a respiration (10)
-CO2 build up in blood
-Medulla detect excess CO2
-Diaphragm contracts
-Chest increases, pressure drops
-Inspiration begins
-Hering Breuer reflex stops inspiration
-Medulla sends signal to diaphragm
-Diaphragm relaxes
-Chest contract, pressure increases
-Expiration begins
What is Hering Breuer reflex
The point of inspiration that stretches the vagus nerve to stop inspiration so the lungs don’t pop
What is TV and the normal amount
-Tidal volume, air moved in and out at rest
-500cc (1/2 liter)
What is IRV and normal amount
-Inspiratory reserve volume, air that can be inhaled deeply
-3000cc
What is ERV and the normal amount
-Expiratory reserve volume, air that can be forcibly exhaled
-1200cc
What is RV and the normal amount
-Residual volume, remaining air in the lungs after ERV
-1200cc
What is MRV and its calculation
-Air inhaled or exhaled in one minute
-RR x TV
What is Vital capacity
Total possible inspiratory and expiratory amounts
What is compliance
How easily the lungs expand
What is Resistance
How easily air flows through the system
SHALLOW BREATHS MEANS!?
BAG THEM!!!
What is FiO2 and how is it displayed
-Percentage of O2 in inspired air, O2 being delivered into the body
-Commonly in decimal form
(FiO2 of room air is 0.21)
What is Normal arterial pressure and the O2, CO2 norms
-Amount of O2 and CO2 actually in the blood
-O2 80-100
-CO2 35-40
What is oxygen concentration in the blood and formula
-How much oxygen is attached to hemoglobin
-O2 content/O2 capacity x 100%
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve Left vs Right and causes
-Moves to the left, holds on more
-Hypothermia
-Hypocarbia
-Alkalosis
-Moves to the right, lets go more easily
-Hyperthermia
-Hypercarbia
-Acidosis
Factors affecting oxygen concentration in the blood
Ventilation(V)/Perfusion(Q) mismatch occurs when a portion of the alveoli collapses
Causes of V/Q mismatch (Atelectasis) (4)
-Hypoventilation
-Pneumothorax
-Hemothorax
-Pulmonary embolism
Causes of decreased CO2 levels (1)
Hyperventilation
Causes of increased CO2 production (4)
-Fever
-Muscle exertion, shivering
-Metabolic process resulting in metabolic acids
-Decreased alveolar ventilation
How to correct hypercarbia (3)
-Increase ventilation rate
-Increase ventilation volume
-Treat underlying cause
How do the listed factors effect RR
-Fever
-Emotion
-Pain
-Hypoxia
-Acidosis
-Stimulants
-Depressants
-Sleep
-Fever-Increase
-Emotion-Increase
-Pain-Increase
-Hypoxia-Increase
-Acidosis-Increases
-Stimulants-Increase
-Depressants-Decrease
-Sleep-Decrease
Lund sounds and explanation
-Stridor
-Wheezing
-Fine crackles
-Coarse crackles
-Pleural rub
-Stridor- Upper airway obstruction
-Wheezing- Lower airway obstruction
-Fine crackles- Alveolar collapse
-Coarse crackles- Fluid in the lungs
-Pleural rub- Visceral/Parietal pleura rubbing
