2-Nervous System Flashcards
Parts of a Neuron (5)
- Dendrites
- Axon
- Cell body
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
Axon in CNS vs PNS
- CNS- Unmylinated grey matter, gross motor skills
- PNS- Myelinated white matter, fine motor skills
Schwann Cells
- Axons in PNS
- Myelinated
- White matter
Neurolgial Cells
- Axons in CNS
- Unmyelinated
- Grey matter
Nodes of Ranvier
- Allows impulse to jump from node to node
- Allows for more rapid conduction
Neurilemma
-Outer covering of Schwann Cells
Types of Neurons(3)
- Sensory (Afferent)
- Motor (Efferent)
- Interneurons (Connecting)
Role of Sensory (Afferent) neurons
-Transmit impulses to CNS from all body parts
Role of Motor (Efferent) neurons
- Transmit impulse away from CNS
- Toward only muscle and epithelial tissue
Role of Interneurons (Connecting)
-Conduct impulses from Sensory to Motor
Synapse includes:
End of Axon
-Pre-synaptic neuron
Beginning of Dendrite
-Post-synaptic neuron
Neurotransmitter
The 2 types and where they are located
Carries impulse across synapse gap
- Norepinephrine (SNS)
- Acetylcholine (PNS)
Reflex and its role
-Doesn’t wait for the brain
Roles:
- Removal from pain
- Maintain balance
- Maintain BP, pH, CO2, H2O levels
Parts of the Brain (12)
- Cerebral cortex
- Corpus collosum
- Thalmus
- Hypothalmus
- Pituitary gland
- Pons
- Pineal gland
- Cerebellum
- Midbrain
- Reticular formation
- Medulla
- Spinal cord
Role of Cerebrum
-Thought, personality, mood, memory, intelligence
Role of Cerebellum
-Spatial Coordination
Role of Brain Stem
-Autonomic function
Role of Spinal Cord
- Transmission to and from the body
- Refelxes
Lobes of the Brain (4)
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
Role of Frontal Lobe
- Voluntary movement
- Memory
- Personality
- Speech
Role of Temporal Lobe
- Hearing
- Reading
Role of Parietal Lobe
- Senses
- Language
Role of Occipital Lobe
-Vision
Limbic System contains (2)
- Hippocampus
- Formix
Basal Ganglia
- Group of nuclei around limbic system
- Produces neurotransmitters
Blood supply to the Brain: Anterior vs Posterior supply
Anterior
-Right and Left Carotid arteries
Posterior
-Left and Right Vertebral arteries, combine to form basilar artery
Posterior Communicating Artery (Circle of Willis)
-Connects basilar and carotid arteries to perfume brain if one side fails
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
-Formula and Normal Range
CPP=MAP-ICP
-MAP=Mean arterial pressure “120/80->100”
Normal is 50-60 mmHg
Meninges and Types (3)
-Layers of the brain
- Dura Mater-Leather like outer layer
- Arachnoid Mater-Middle layer
- Pia Mater-Very thin layer on brain matter
3 parts of the Brain Stem
- Medulla
- Pons
- Midbrain
Role of the Medulla (5)
- Enhance impulse conductivity from brain stem to brain
- Regulates:
- Respiration’s
- Cardiac function
- Vasodilation
- Certain reflexes
Role of the Pons (11)
- Relay signals from forebrain to cerebellum
- Responsible for:
- Sleep
- Respiration
- Swallowing
- Bladder control
- Hearing
- Balance
- Taste
- Eye movement
- Facial expressions and sensation
- Posture
Role of the Midbrain
- Connects the brainstem to diencephalon
- Responsible for:
- Motor movement
- Movement of the eye
- Auditory and visual processing
12 Cranial Nerves in order
I- Olfactory II- Optic III- Oculomotor IV- Trochlear V- Trigeminal VI- Abducens VII- Facial VIII- Auricle (Vestibulocochlear) IX- Glossopharyngeal X- Vagus XI- Accessory XII- Hypoglossal
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory- Smells
Cranial Nerve II
Optic- Vision
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor- Muscle around eyes, pupil response
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear- Downward, inward, outward eye movement
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal- Facial sensation, jaw and ear movement
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens- Lateral/outward eye movement
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial- Facial expressions and taste for most of the tongue
Cranial Nerve VIII
Auricle(Vestibulocochlear)- Hearing and balance
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal- Back of mouth and rear taste and swallowing
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus- Sense from ear, throat, heart, intestines and root of tongue taste. Swallowing and upper digestion.
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory- Neck and shoulder movement
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal- Tongue movement
Define Olfaction
The sense of smell, more nerve in nose than tongue
Define Gustation
Sense of taste
4 Classes of taste
- Sour
- Sweet
- Bitter
- Salty
Taste zones of the tongue
- Bitter- Rear
- Sour- Sides
- Salty- Tip and a little around
- Sweet- Tip
What 3 cranial nerves form the taste buds
- Facial VII
- Glossopharyngeal IX
- Vagus X
4 accessory muscles of the eyes
- Eyelids
- Eyebrows
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Extrinsic eye muscles
3 layers of the eye ball
- Fibrous tunic
- Vascular tunic
- Nervous tunic
Role of the Cornea (2)
- Structural barrier
- Focuses light into the eye
Role of the Iris
-Regulate the amount of light into the pupil
Role of the Pupil
-Focus light to the retina
Role of the Lens
-Fine tune light to the retina
Role of the Retina
-Convert light from the lens into neurological signals
Roles of the Vitreous Chamber (3)
- Contains Vitreous humor
- Shapes eye ball
- Holds retina against choroid
What is normal vision called
Emmetropic
What is nearsightedness call
Myopia- Thick lens
What is far sightedness called
Hypermetropia (Hyperopia)- Thin lense
3 divisions of the ear
- Outer
- Tympanic cavity
- Inner
External ear roles and parts
Role- Collect sound waves
Parts- Auricle, external auditory cavity, tympanic membrane
Middle ear parts
- Auditory tube
- Auditory ossicles
- Oval window
- Round window
Inner ear parts
- Outer bony labyrinth
- Inner membranous labyrinth
3 bones of the inner ear
- Incus
- Maleous
- Stapes
