- Strong fibrous protein - Building block for cartilage

6-Musculoskeletal Flashcards by Brian Mariano

What are the 5 functions of bones

Support and shape
Protection
Movement
Store calcium
Form blood

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What are 4 types of bones

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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What is Hematopoiesis and where does it occur

Production of cellular components within the blood
(RBC, WBC, platelets)

Red bone marrow

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What does the axial skeleton contain

Skull
Ribs
Vertebral column

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What does the appendicular skeleton contain

All 4 limbs

- Pelvis

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What are the parts of a long bone and describe

Diaphysis- Middle of the bone
Epiphysis- End of the bone
Metaphysis- Between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains growth plate

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2 types of bone marrow and their roles. Where are they found

Red- Primary sight for hematopoiesis
- Flat bones and epiphysis of long bones
Yellow- Fat storage
- Primarily in diaphysis of long bones

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What is cartilage

Connective, protective, spongy tissue between 2 joints

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What are the cells of cartilage called

Condrocytes

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What 2 fibrous materials do condrocytes secrete

Collagen

- Elastin

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What is collagen (2)

Strong fibrous protein

- Building block for cartilage

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What is elastin

Elastic protein, rubberous component

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What is another role of collagen and elastin

Give cartilage strength and flexibility

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3 key points of cartilage

Not innervated (no nerve cells)
Avascular (no blood vessels)
Gets protection and nutrients from surrounding fluid

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What are 3 types of cartilage

Hyaline (Articular)
Elastic
Fibrous

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Where is Hyaline (articular) cartilage found and its role

Larynx, trachea, throat, articulating joints

- Reduce friction, absorb shock

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Where is Elastic cartilage found and its role

Outer ear, epiglottis

- Provide shape and support

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Where is Fibrous cartilage found and its role

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis

- Provide rigidity, absorb shock

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Role of ligaments

Connect bone to bone

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Role of tendons

Connect muscle to bone

What is a joint

Where bones meet and/or articulate

3 types of joints

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses (synovial)

What is a synarthroses joint and where is it found

Bones are fused together and immovable

- In skull

What is a amphiarthroses joint and where is it found

Slightly moveable

- Vertebral joints

What is a diarthroses (synovial) joint and where is it found

- Ball and socket, hinge - Shoulder, knee - Lubricated by synovial fluid in a synovial capsule that surrounds the entire joint

What is arthritis

Inflammation of a joint

What are 3 types of muscles

- Skeletal - Smooth - Cardiac

What is skeletal muscle (4) and where is it found

- Voluntary - Fast - Many nuclei - Straight, in the periphery -Attached to tendon and bone

What is cardiac muscle (5) and where is it found

- Involuntary - Fast or slow - Brached - 1 or 2 nuclei - Automaticity -Only found in heart muscle

What is skeletal muscle (4) and where is it found

- Involuntary - Slow - Spindle/eye shaped - One nuclei -Hollow organs and vessel walls

What 2 types of muscles are striated

Skeletal and cardiac

What are motor neurons

Send a signal from the mind to body for action

What does the upper motor neuron do (2)

- Sends signal to lower motor neuron | - Tells muscle to to eventually stop contracting

What is the role of the lower motor neuron

Direct messenger to muscle to start contracting

Parts of a lower motor neuron

- Soma- body of neuron - Dendrites - Axons - Axon terminal

Step 1 of the neuromuscular junction

-Impulse sent down axon to presynaptic membrane

What is the presynaptic membrane

End of the synapse where a signal is coming from

Step 2 of the neuromuscular junction

Na and Ca move in, attach to Ach and bring it out of the terminal via exocytosis and into the synaptic cleft

What is exocytosis

Process of molecules leaving a cell by vesicles fusing with membranes

What is the synaptic cleft

The space between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

Step 3 of the neuromuscular junction

Ach attaches to nicotonic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR) on the post synaptic membrane that tells channels to open

Step 4 of the neuromuscular junction

Once membrane depolarizes enough Ca starts to enter

What is the process of step 4 called

Voltage gated Ca release

Step 5 of the neuromuscular junction

Protein on the sarcoplasmic reticulum grabs Ca initiating the release of many Ca which then spread to the next muscle cell through gap junctions

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium reservoir in a cell that hold Ca to be released

What are gap junctions

Proteins that connect muscle cells that allows cations to move from one muscle cell to another

What is syncitium

The ability of cells to have neighboring cells to contract with it

What is the somatic nervous system and the main neurotransmitter

- Voluntary | - Ach