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Sinclair Paramedic 2100 > 6-Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

6-Musculoskeletal Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 functions of bones

A
  • Support and shape
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Store calcium
  • Form blood
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2
Q

What are 4 types of bones

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
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3
Q

What is Hematopoiesis and where does it occur

A

Production of cellular components within the blood
(RBC, WBC, platelets)

Red bone marrow

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4
Q

What does the axial skeleton contain

A
  • Skull
  • Ribs
  • Vertebral column
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5
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton contain

A
  • All 4 limbs

- Pelvis

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6
Q

What are the parts of a long bone and describe

A
  • Diaphysis- Middle of the bone
  • Epiphysis- End of the bone
  • Metaphysis- Between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains growth plate
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7
Q

2 types of bone marrow and their roles. Where are they found

A
  • Red- Primary sight for hematopoiesis
    - Flat bones and epiphysis of long bones
  • Yellow- Fat storage
    - Primarily in diaphysis of long bones
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8
Q

What is cartilage

A

Connective, protective, spongy tissue between 2 joints

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9
Q

What are the cells of cartilage called

A

Condrocytes

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10
Q

What 2 fibrous materials do condrocytes secrete

A
  • Collagen

- Elastin

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11
Q

What is collagen (2)

A
  • Strong fibrous protein

- Building block for cartilage

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12
Q

What is elastin

A

Elastic protein, rubberous component

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13
Q

What is another role of collagen and elastin

A

Give cartilage strength and flexibility

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14
Q

3 key points of cartilage

A
  • Not innervated (no nerve cells)
  • Avascular (no blood vessels)
  • Gets protection and nutrients from surrounding fluid
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15
Q

What are 3 types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline (Articular)
  • Elastic
  • Fibrous
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16
Q

Where is Hyaline (articular) cartilage found and its role

A
  • Larynx, trachea, throat, articulating joints

- Reduce friction, absorb shock

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17
Q

Where is Elastic cartilage found and its role

A
  • Outer ear, epiglottis

- Provide shape and support

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18
Q

Where is Fibrous cartilage found and its role

A
  • Intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis

- Provide rigidity, absorb shock

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19
Q

Role of ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

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20
Q

Role of tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

21
Q

What is a joint

A

Where bones meet and/or articulate

22
Q

3 types of joints

A
  • Synarthroses
  • Amphiarthroses
  • Diarthroses (synovial)
23
Q

What is a synarthroses joint and where is it found

A
  • Bones are fused together and immovable

- In skull

24
Q

What is a amphiarthroses joint and where is it found

A
  • Slightly moveable

- Vertebral joints

25
Q

What is a diarthroses (synovial) joint and where is it found

A
  • Ball and socket, hinge
  • Shoulder, knee
  • Lubricated by synovial fluid in a synovial capsule that surrounds the entire joint
26
Q

What is arthritis

A

Inflammation of a joint

27
Q

What are 3 types of muscles

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
28
Q

What is skeletal muscle (4) and where is it found

A
  • Voluntary
  • Fast
  • Many nuclei
  • Straight, in the periphery

-Attached to tendon and bone

29
Q

What is cardiac muscle (5) and where is it found

A
  • Involuntary
  • Fast or slow
  • Brached
  • 1 or 2 nuclei
  • Automaticity

-Only found in heart muscle

30
Q

What is skeletal muscle (4) and where is it found

A
  • Involuntary
  • Slow
  • Spindle/eye shaped
  • One nuclei

-Hollow organs and vessel walls

31
Q

What 2 types of muscles are striated

A

Skeletal and cardiac

32
Q

What are motor neurons

A

Send a signal from the mind to body for action

33
Q

What does the upper motor neuron do (2)

A
  • Sends signal to lower motor neuron

- Tells muscle to to eventually stop contracting

34
Q

What is the role of the lower motor neuron

A

Direct messenger to muscle to start contracting

35
Q

Parts of a lower motor neuron

A
  • Soma- body of neuron
  • Dendrites
  • Axons
  • Axon terminal
36
Q

Step 1 of the neuromuscular junction

A

-Impulse sent down axon to presynaptic membrane

37
Q

What is the presynaptic membrane

A

End of the synapse where a signal is coming from

38
Q

Step 2 of the neuromuscular junction

A

Na and Ca move in, attach to Ach and bring it out of the terminal via exocytosis and into the synaptic cleft

39
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Process of molecules leaving a cell by vesicles fusing with membranes

40
Q

What is the synaptic cleft

A

The space between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

41
Q

Step 3 of the neuromuscular junction

A

Ach attaches to nicotonic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR) on the post synaptic membrane that tells channels to open

42
Q

Step 4 of the neuromuscular junction

A

Once membrane depolarizes enough Ca starts to enter

43
Q

What is the process of step 4 called

A

Voltage gated Ca release

44
Q

Step 5 of the neuromuscular junction

A

Protein on the sarcoplasmic reticulum grabs Ca initiating the release of many Ca which then spread to the next muscle cell through gap junctions

45
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium reservoir in a cell that hold Ca to be released

46
Q

What are gap junctions

A

Proteins that connect muscle cells that allows cations to move from one muscle cell to another

47
Q

What is syncitium

A

The ability of cells to have neighboring cells to contract with it

48
Q

What is the somatic nervous system and the main neurotransmitter

A
  • Voluntary

- Ach

Sinclair Paramedic 2100 (10 decks)

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