6-Musculoskeletal Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of bones
- Support and shape
- Protection
- Movement
- Store calcium
- Form blood
What are 4 types of bones
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
What is Hematopoiesis and where does it occur
Production of cellular components within the blood
(RBC, WBC, platelets)
Red bone marrow
What does the axial skeleton contain
- Skull
- Ribs
- Vertebral column
What does the appendicular skeleton contain
- All 4 limbs
- Pelvis
What are the parts of a long bone and describe
- Diaphysis- Middle of the bone
- Epiphysis- End of the bone
- Metaphysis- Between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains growth plate
2 types of bone marrow and their roles. Where are they found
- Red- Primary sight for hematopoiesis
- Flat bones and epiphysis of long bones - Yellow- Fat storage
- Primarily in diaphysis of long bones
What is cartilage
Connective, protective, spongy tissue between 2 joints
What are the cells of cartilage called
Condrocytes
What 2 fibrous materials do condrocytes secrete
- Collagen
- Elastin
What is collagen (2)
- Strong fibrous protein
- Building block for cartilage
What is elastin
Elastic protein, rubberous component
What is another role of collagen and elastin
Give cartilage strength and flexibility
3 key points of cartilage
- Not innervated (no nerve cells)
- Avascular (no blood vessels)
- Gets protection and nutrients from surrounding fluid
What are 3 types of cartilage
- Hyaline (Articular)
- Elastic
- Fibrous
Where is Hyaline (articular) cartilage found and its role
- Larynx, trachea, throat, articulating joints
- Reduce friction, absorb shock
Where is Elastic cartilage found and its role
- Outer ear, epiglottis
- Provide shape and support
Where is Fibrous cartilage found and its role
- Intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis
- Provide rigidity, absorb shock
Role of ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Role of tendons
Connect muscle to bone
What is a joint
Where bones meet and/or articulate
3 types of joints
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses (synovial)
What is a synarthroses joint and where is it found
- Bones are fused together and immovable
- In skull
What is a amphiarthroses joint and where is it found
- Slightly moveable
- Vertebral joints
What is a diarthroses (synovial) joint and where is it found
- Ball and socket, hinge
- Shoulder, knee
- Lubricated by synovial fluid in a synovial capsule that surrounds the entire joint
What is arthritis
Inflammation of a joint
What are 3 types of muscles
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
What is skeletal muscle (4) and where is it found
- Voluntary
- Fast
- Many nuclei
- Straight, in the periphery
-Attached to tendon and bone
What is cardiac muscle (5) and where is it found
- Involuntary
- Fast or slow
- Brached
- 1 or 2 nuclei
- Automaticity
-Only found in heart muscle
What is skeletal muscle (4) and where is it found
- Involuntary
- Slow
- Spindle/eye shaped
- One nuclei
-Hollow organs and vessel walls
What 2 types of muscles are striated
Skeletal and cardiac
What are motor neurons
Send a signal from the mind to body for action
What does the upper motor neuron do (2)
- Sends signal to lower motor neuron
- Tells muscle to to eventually stop contracting
What is the role of the lower motor neuron
Direct messenger to muscle to start contracting
Parts of a lower motor neuron
- Soma- body of neuron
- Dendrites
- Axons
- Axon terminal
Step 1 of the neuromuscular junction
-Impulse sent down axon to presynaptic membrane
What is the presynaptic membrane
End of the synapse where a signal is coming from
Step 2 of the neuromuscular junction
Na and Ca move in, attach to Ach and bring it out of the terminal via exocytosis and into the synaptic cleft
What is exocytosis
Process of molecules leaving a cell by vesicles fusing with membranes
What is the synaptic cleft
The space between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
Step 3 of the neuromuscular junction
Ach attaches to nicotonic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR) on the post synaptic membrane that tells channels to open
Step 4 of the neuromuscular junction
Once membrane depolarizes enough Ca starts to enter
What is the process of step 4 called
Voltage gated Ca release
Step 5 of the neuromuscular junction
Protein on the sarcoplasmic reticulum grabs Ca initiating the release of many Ca which then spread to the next muscle cell through gap junctions
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium reservoir in a cell that hold Ca to be released
What are gap junctions
Proteins that connect muscle cells that allows cations to move from one muscle cell to another
What is syncitium
The ability of cells to have neighboring cells to contract with it
What is the somatic nervous system and the main neurotransmitter
- Voluntary
- Ach
