7 - INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS Flashcards
methods/techniques used by a teacher to deliver the lesson (how)
Teaching strategies/methods
objects/vehicles by which information is communicated (what)
Instructional materials
Functions of Instructional Materials
- Supplement the act of teaching and the role of the educator
- Deliver the message clearly, accurately, and in a timely manner
- Help reinforce information and simplify complex messages
- Stimulates a learner’s senses
- Add variety, realism, and enjoyment to the teaching-learning experience
3 Components of Instructional Materials
- Delivery System
- Content
- Presentation
Includes both the software or physical form and the hardware used in the presentation
Delivery System
- Actual information being taught
- Several factors to consider when choosing the content:
1. Accuracy
2. Appropriateness of the medium
3. Appropriateness of the difficulty level
Content
Form through which the content is taught/communicated
Presentation
most concrete form of presentation
Realia
different videos, pictures, illustrations; close to reality
Illusionary representation
graphs, tables, pure text
Symbolic representation
More concrete form of presentation
realia —> symbolic representations
More abstract form of presentation
symbolic representations —> realia
Types of Instructional Materials
- Written materials
- Demonstration materials
- Audiovisual materials
- Most widely used
- Most accessible
- Most common
- Described as “frozen language”
Written materials
two types of written materials
- Commercially-prepared materials
- Self-composed materials
manuals of product packagings
Commercially-prepared materials
textbooks, lab manuals
Self-composed materials
Considerations when evaluating printed materials:
- Nature of the audience
- Literacy level required
- Linguistic variety available
- Clarity and brevity
- Layout and appearance
- Opportunity for repetition
- Concreteness and familiarity — active voice present tense
Advantages of written materials
- Readily available as a reference
- Widely used and familiar at all levels of society
- Easy obtained
- Provided in convenient forms
- Available in multiple languages
- Controlled pacing by the reader
Disadvantages of written materials
- Abstract
- Limited immediate feedback
- May be difficult to be understood by some
- Inappropriate for students with visual impairments
Visible hands-on media
Demonstration materials
Two types of demonstration materials
- Models
- Displays and posters
- 3D objects
- Allow the learners to apply knowledge and psychomotor skills through observation, examination, manipulation, handling, and assembly/disassembly
models
physical models (dummy arm)
replicas
simulation models/virtual programs (virtual laboratories)
analogues
diagrams, pictures, animated cartoons
symbols
advantages of models
- Allows learners to practice without fear
- Stimulates active involvement
- Provides immediate testing of psychomotor and cognitive behaviors
- Allows learners to receive instant feedback
- Appeals to learners who prefer hands-on learning experience
disadvantages of models
- Not suitable for students with poor abstract learning skills/visual impairments
- Can be fragile, bulky, and expensive
- 2D objects
- Used to convey simple/short messages and to reinforce important topics
- Ex: whiteboards, posters, bulletins, pubmats
Displays and posters
advantages of displays and posters
- Attracts attention and quickly gets an idea across
- Flexible, easily modified, and reusable
- Portable and easily assembled
- Stimulates interest
- Influences cognitive and affective behaviors
disadvantages of displays and posters
- May take up a lot of space
- Time consuming to prepare
- Not suitable for large audiences
- Can only include limited amount of information
- Not effective for teaching psychomotor skills
- Fastest-growing category of instructional tools
- Support and enrich the learning process through seeing and hearing
- Instill visual memories
- Known to increase understanding and retention
Audiovisual materials
use of two or more types of learning models (audio, visual, or animation) that can be accessed in a computer
Multimedia Learning
combination of e-learning and traditional teaching methods (lecture)
Blended Learning
Types of audiovisual materials
- projected learning resources
- audio learning resources
- video learning resources
- telecommunications learning resources
- computer learning resources
Radio, podcasts
Audio learning resources
Powerpoint presentations
Projected learning resources
Streaming videos, webinars
Video learning resources
Educational TV shows, hotlines
Telecommunications learning resources
Educational softwares, online modules
Computer learning resources
common disadvantage of using audiovisual materials
may be expensive to use
