3 - UNDERSTANDING STUDENT LEARNING Flashcards
Who: The term “learning” covers every modification in behavior to meet environmental requirements
Gardner Murphy (1968)
Who: Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old behavior
Henry Smith (1962)
- Provide a basis to understand how people learn and a way to explain, describe, analyze, and predict learning
- Help educators make more informed decisions around the design, development, and delivery of learning
Learning Theories
- Learning is measured through change in behavior
- Teaches students to respond appropriately to environmental cues
Behaviorism
Conditioning strategies for behaviorism
positive and negative reinforcement & punishment
BHV: act of rewarding positive behavior in order to encourage it to happen again in the future
Positive reinforcement
BHV: strengthens a response or behavior by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus
Negative reinforcement
BHV: add a consequence to unwanted behavior
Positive punishment
BHV: involves taking something good or desirable away to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior
Negative punishment
- Passive and teacher-centric
- Knowledge is spoon-fed and absolute
- Programmed instruction
- Does not account for processes that take place in the learner’s mind
critiques on behaviorism
- Learners focus on acquiring knowledge and concepts rather than new behaviors
- Focuses on how knowledge is remembered and stored
Cognitivism
3 components of memory
- sensory register
- short-term store
- long-term store
CG: information is received through the senses
Sensory register
CG: information is easily lost
Short-term store
CG: the learner makes an effort to remember information and should always keep practicing acquiring knowledge
Long-term store
- Knowledge is absolute and may not account for individuality
- Little emphasis on affective aspect of learning
Critiques in cognitivism
- Also known as social cognitive theory
- Learning is through observations and sensorial experiences
- Blends behaviorism and cognitivism
- Cognition mediates behavior
- “Learning is acquired by observing and replicating what others do and through observing behavioral reward and punishment”
Social Learning Theory
important personality in social learning theory
Albert Bandura
Four processes of observational learning
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
SLT: process that determines what is the observed experience
Attention
SLT: retaining knowledge about the experience or event
Retention
SLT: converting memories and relating it to the event
Reproduction
SLT: incentive to demonstrate and reproduce the learned behavior
Motivation
- Students become passive receivers of stimuli
- Emotions and motivations are not considered important / connected to learning
Critiques on social learning theory
keyword for social learning theory
demonstration
- Learning is acquired by making sense of new experiences
- Highly student-centered
Constructivism
Foundation of constructivism
previous learning
2 processes of constructivism
- Assimilation
- Accommodation
CSV: interpreting an experience using previous knowledge
assimilation
CSV: forming new knowledge based on current experience
Accommodation