7- Classes of Movement

Question 1

3 classes of movement

Answer 1

Reflexes, rhythmic/central pattern generators, voluntary neurons

Question 2

3 aspects of reflexes

Answer 2

Involuntary, rapid, stereotyped

Question 3

3 structures involved in reflexes

Answer 3

Spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles

Question 4

Example of a reflex

Answer 4

Knee jerk reflex

Question 5

How is action caused in a reflex?

Answer 5

Motor neuron passes information to the muscle

Question 6

What is controlled by proprioception?

Answer 6

Position of muscles and balance

Question 7

What does proprioception allow?

Answer 7

Us to have a sense of where our body is in space

Question 8

What happens if proprioception is lost?

Answer 8

Someone needs to look at what parts of their body are doing in order to move

Question 9

What in kinaesthesia involved in?

Answer 9

Movement and learning- knowing how to perform actions

Question 10

What is deafferentation?

Answer 10

Destruction of afferent connections

Question 11

3 examples of rhythmic pattern generators

Answer 11

Walking, running, chewing

Question 12

What is combined in rhythmic pattern generators?

Answer 12

Voluntary and reflexive acts

Question 13

Does the brain have a role in rhythmic pattern generators?

Answer 13

Brain needed to start and stop action but involuntary once initiated

Question 14

What happens in a spinal interneuron?

Answer 14

Walking is initiated when a steady input excited two interneurons that control flexors and extensors

Question 15

Why does activity alternate in a spinal interneuron?

Answer 15

Because they inhibit each other via interneurons (cross inhibition)

Question 16

3 examples of voluntary neurons

Answer 16

Writing, playing piano, football

Question 17

4 aspects of voluntary neurons

Answer 17

Purposeful, goal-directed, learned, complex

Question 18

3 levels of the motor control hierarchy

Answer 18

High- strategy
Middle- tactics
Low- execution

Question 19

2 areas involved in strategy

Answer 19

Association areas of neocortex, basal ganglia

Question 20

What is strategy?

Answer 20

Goal of movement, best strategy to reach a goal

Question 21

2 areas involved in tactics

Answer 21

Motor cortex, cerebellum

Question 22

What are tactics?

Answer 22

Sequence of muscle contraction arranged in space and time to smoothly and accurately achieve the strategic goal

Question 23

2 areas involved in execution

Answer 23

Brainstem, spinal cord

Question 24

What is execution?

Answer 24

Activation of the motor neuron and interneuron pools that generate the movement and adjustments of posture