1- History

Question 1

When was early brain surgery (trepanation)?

Answer 1

Pre-historic times

Question 2

What did trepanation show?

Answer 2

Skulls have holes in precise locations- not there by accident

Question 3

3 key figures in Ancient Greece

Answer 3

Alcmaeon of Croton
Aristotle
Hippocrates

Question 4

What did Alcmaeon of Croton believe?

Answer 4

Sensation is compromised if brain is moved

Question 5

Why did Alcmaeon of Croton think the brain was important?

Answer 5

For consciousness and control

Question 6

What did Aristotle think the brain was for?

Answer 6

Cooling blood

Question 7

What did Aristotle think the role of the heart was?

Answer 7

Centre of intellect

Question 8

What did Hippocrates think the role of the brain was?

Answer 8

Involved in sensation and seat of intelligence

Question 9

Key figure in Ancient Rome

Answer 9

Galen

Question 10

What did Galen find?

Answer 10

Ventricles in sheep brains

Question 11

What was Galen’s key discovery?

Answer 11

Dissociated the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Question 12

What did Galen believe were the roles of the cerebrum and the cerebellum?

Answer 12

Cerebrum- sensation
Cerebellum- commanding muscles

Question 13

What did Galen believe caused the initiation of movements?

Answer 13

Fluids travel between brain (ventricles) and body in nerves (hollow tubes)

Question 14

What did Galen say humorism was?

Answer 14

Humours are different fluids that travel to the body

Question 15

3 key figures in the Renaissance

Answer 15

Vesalius
Descartes
Spinoza

Question 16

What was discovered in the Renaissance?

Answer 16

Automata, the first AI

Question 17

Who was Vesalius?

Answer 17

An anatomist who looked at human brains in detail

Question 18

Why did Vesalius believe the body was like a hydraulic machine?

Answer 18

Muscles are pumped by fluids coming from brain (ventricles)

Question 19

What did Descartes believe the role of the brain was?

Answer 19

Brain mechanisms control behaviour

Question 20

How is the mind spiritual according to Descartes?

Answer 20

It receives sensations and commands muscles by communicating with the brain via the pineal gland

Question 21

What is the pineal gland according to Descartes?

Answer 21

The principle seat of the soul, the place where all thoughts are found

Question 22

What is the dualistic idea?

Answer 22

The mind and body are two separate things

Question 23

What is monism?

Answer 23

The mind and brain are the same thing

Question 24

What is Spinoza’s dual-aspect theory?

Answer 24

Mind and brain are the same thing

Question 25

When was gray matter and white matter discovered, and when were the CNS and PNS distinguished between?

Answer 25

19th century

Question 26

What is contained in gray matter?

Answer 26

A high concentration of nerve cell bodies

Question 27

What is white matter comprised of?

Answer 27

Fibres

Question 28

What did Galvani study?

Answer 28

Frog legs

Question 29

What did Galvani discover?

Answer 29

Nerves were as wires that conduct electrical signals to and from the brain

Question 30

What did Bell and Magendi discover?

Answer 30

Bidirectional communication

Question 31

What happens when you cut the dorsal nerve?

Answer 31

Sensation will be impaired

Question 32

What happens when you cut the ventral nerve?

Answer 32

Communication to muscles will be impaired

Question 33

How was localisation discovered?

Answer 33

Experimental ablation= creating lesions in brain to see what function gets impaired

Question 34

What does localisation show?

Answer 34

Certain brain areas have specific functions

Question 35

What did Gall find?

Answer 35

Phrenology, a particular bulge in the cranium

Question 36

What did Cajal’s neuron doctrine say?

Answer 36

The neuron was the basic functional unit

Question 37

What type of a response is needed to study the brain?

Answer 37

Interdisciplinary