1- History Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

When was early brain surgery (trepanation)?

A

Pre-historic times

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2
Q

What did trepanation show?

A

Skulls have holes in precise locations- not there by accident

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3
Q

3 key figures in Ancient Greece

A

Alcmaeon of Croton
Aristotle
Hippocrates

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4
Q

What did Alcmaeon of Croton believe?

A

Sensation is compromised if brain is moved

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5
Q

Why did Alcmaeon of Croton think the brain was important?

A

For consciousness and control

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6
Q

What did Aristotle think the brain was for?

A

Cooling blood

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7
Q

What did Aristotle think the role of the heart was?

A

Centre of intellect

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8
Q

What did Hippocrates think the role of the brain was?

A

Involved in sensation and seat of intelligence

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9
Q

Key figure in Ancient Rome

A

Galen

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10
Q

What did Galen find?

A

Ventricles in sheep brains

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11
Q

What was Galen’s key discovery?

A

Dissociated the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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12
Q

What did Galen believe were the roles of the cerebrum and the cerebellum?

A

Cerebrum- sensation
Cerebellum- commanding muscles

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13
Q

What did Galen believe caused the initiation of movements?

A

Fluids travel between brain (ventricles) and body in nerves (hollow tubes)

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14
Q

What did Galen say humorism was?

A

Humours are different fluids that travel to the body

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15
Q

3 key figures in the Renaissance

A

Vesalius
Descartes
Spinoza

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16
Q

What was discovered in the Renaissance?

A

Automata, the first AI

17
Q

Who was Vesalius?

A

An anatomist who looked at human brains in detail

18
Q

Why did Vesalius believe the body was like a hydraulic machine?

A

Muscles are pumped by fluids coming from brain (ventricles)

19
Q

What did Descartes believe the role of the brain was?

A

Brain mechanisms control behaviour

20
Q

How is the mind spiritual according to Descartes?

A

It receives sensations and commands muscles by communicating with the brain via the pineal gland

21
Q

What is the pineal gland according to Descartes?

A

The principle seat of the soul, the place where all thoughts are found

22
Q

What is the dualistic idea?

A

The mind and body are two separate things

23
Q

What is monism?

A

The mind and brain are the same thing

24
Q

What is Spinoza’s dual-aspect theory?

A

Mind and brain are the same thing

25
Q

When was gray matter and white matter discovered, and when were the CNS and PNS distinguished between?

A

19th century

26
Q

What is contained in gray matter?

A

A high concentration of nerve cell bodies

27
Q

What is white matter comprised of?

A

Fibres

28
Q

What did Galvani study?

A

Frog legs

29
Q

What did Galvani discover?

A

Nerves were as wires that conduct electrical signals to and from the brain

30
Q

What did Bell and Magendi discover?

A

Bidirectional communication

31
Q

What happens when you cut the dorsal nerve?

A

Sensation will be impaired

32
Q

What happens when you cut the ventral nerve?

A

Communication to muscles will be impaired

33
Q

How was localisation discovered?

A

Experimental ablation= creating lesions in brain to see what function gets impaired

34
Q

What does localisation show?

A

Certain brain areas have specific functions

35
Q

What did Gall find?

A

Phrenology, a particular bulge in the cranium

36
Q

What did Cajal’s neuron doctrine say?

A

The neuron was the basic functional unit

37
Q

What type of a response is needed to study the brain?

A

Interdisciplinary