2- Brain Regions

Question 1

What are the 4 structures in the hindbrain?

Answer 1

Cerebellum
Pons
Formatio reticulus/reticular formation
Medulla oblongata

Question 2

How many neurons in the brain are in the cerebellum?

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

What is the cerebellum composed of?

Answer 3

White and grey matter

Question 4

When is the cerebellum important?

Answer 4

For voluntary movement, motor learning, body position

Question 5

Where is the pons?

Answer 5

On top of the brainstem

Question 6

The pons is the bridge connecting what?

Answer 6

The cerebrum to the medulla oblongata and cerebellum

Question 7

How many nuclei are contained in the formatio reticulus?

Answer 7

90+

Question 8

What does the formatio reticulus do?

Answer 8

Regulate activity/sleep

Question 9

What does the medulla oblongata relay?

Answer 9

Motor and sensory signals between higher brain regions and spinal cord

Question 10

What is the main role of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 10

Reflex control centre

Question 11

What are the 4 main structures in the midbrain?

Answer 11

Superior colliculus
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus
Inferior colliculus

Question 12

What is the superior colliculus responsible for?

Answer 12

Visual processing

Question 13

What is the substantia nigra responsible for?

Answer 13

Voluntary movement control

Question 14

What is the red nucleus responsible for?

Answer 14

Auditory control

Question 15

What is contained in the inferior colliculus? (2)

Answer 15

Tectum and tegmentum

Question 16

2 parts of the forebrain

Answer 16

Diencephalon and telencephalon

Question 17

2 structures within the diencephalon

Answer 17

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 18

What is the gateway of the cortex?

Answer 18

The thalamus

Question 19

Where do all sensory pathways relay?

Answer 19

The thalamus

Question 20

What 3 things does the hypothalamus control?

Answer 20

Homeostasis and hormones
Autonomic nervous system by releasing hormones
Pineal gland

Question 21

How many cerebral hemispheres are in the telencephalon?

Answer 21

2

Question 22

What are the 4 key features of the telencephalon?

Answer 22

Cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Cortical folding

Question 23

What 4 structures does the basal ganglia contain?

Answer 23

Striatum
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra

Question 24

What does the basal ganglia control?

Answer 24

Voluntary movement

Question 25

Where are the multiple closed loop circuits between?

Answer 25

Between the basal ganglia and the cortex

Question 26

What does the limbic system control? (4 points)

Answer 26

Emotions Learning and memory Emotional memories Recognition of emotions in others

Question 27

6 structures within the limbic system

Answer 27

Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Cingulate cortex Anterior thalamus Mamillary bodies

Question 28

Why does the brain have many cortical folds?

Answer 28

To fit more information in the brain

Question 29

How is surface area increased?

Answer 29

By cortical folding

Question 30

What are gyri?

Answer 30

Convolutions or bumps, protruding rounded surfaces

Question 31

What are sulci?

Answer 31

Valley between gyri

Question 32

What is a fissure?

Answer 32

A very deep sulcus

Question 33

What is the longitudinal fissure?

Answer 33

The fissure that divides two hemispheres

Question 34

What is the central (Rolandic) sulcus?

Answer 34

The sulcus that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Question 35

What is the Sylvian (lateral) fissure?

Answer 35

The fissure that divides the temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe

Question 36

The 4 brain lobes

Answer 36

Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

Question 37

Which is the largest and latest brain lobe to mature?

Answer 37

The frontal lobe

Question 38

Why is the frontal lobe known as the 'executive' brain?

Answer 38

Because it is responsible for planning and guiding behaviour

Question 39

3 functional areas in the frontal lobe

Answer 39

Orbifrontal cortex Broca's area Motor cortex

Question 40

What is the orbifrontal cortex responsible for? (4 points)

Answer 40

Guiding behaviour, reward, personality insight, foresight

Question 41

What is Broca's area responsible for?

Answer 41

Motor mechanisms of speech formation

Question 42

Why is the parietal lobe also known as the association cortex?

Answer 42

It integrates sensory information from multiple modalities

Question 43

3 functional areas of the parietal lobe

Answer 43

Primary somatosensory cortex Cortical association area Spatial processing

Question 44

What 2 things is the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 44

Somatosensory reception Integration and processing of sensory information

Question 45

What is in the cortical association area?

Answer 45

The inferior parietal gyrus

Question 46

What are the 2 things that the temporal lobe is responsible for?

Answer 46

Language processing Long-term memory/knowledge

Question 47

3 functional areas in the temporal lobe

Answer 47

Primary auditory cortex Wernicke's area Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 48

What is Wernicke's area responsible for?

Answer 48

Language and reading skills

Question 49

What is the parahippocampal gyrus responsible for?

Answer 49

Learning and memory

Question 50

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

Answer 50

Vision

Question 51

1 functional area in the occipital lobe

Answer 51

Primary visual cortex

Question 52

What does the corpus callosum allow?

Answer 52

Communication between hemispheres

Question 53

What is the corpus callosum made up of?

Answer 53

A bundle of white matter tracts

Question 54

Where does the corpus callosum project information?

Answer 54

Between the 2 hemispheres, and between the anterior and posterior

Question 55

4 brain barrier systems

Answer 55

Skull Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Blood-brain barrier

Question 56

What are the 3 key features of cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 56

Buoyancy Protection Chemical stability

Question 57

How does cerebrospinal fluid help buoyancy?

Answer 57

Allows brain to maintain density without being impaired by its own weight

Question 58

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 58

Enlarged ventricles push brain tissue towards skull, CSF puts pressure on brain

Question 59

How does the blood-brain barrier protect brain tissue?

Answer 59

Tightly packed blood vessels only allow certain molecules to pass through