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Biology > 6b. DIGESTION > Flashcards

6b. DIGESTION Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the organs associated with digestion.

A

Mouth (teeth and salivary gland), oesophagus, stomach, ileum, large intestine, rectum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

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2
Q

Describe the function of stomach acid

A

Kills pathogens

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3
Q

Describe what villi are

A

Folds of the epithelial tissue of the ileum

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4
Q

Describe what microvilli are

A

Folds of the cell surface membrane of the epithelial cells of the ileum

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5
Q

Describe the function of villi and microvilli

A

Increase the surface area for absorption of small biological molecules

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6
Q

Define digestion

A

The breakdown of large biological molecules into smaller biological molecules

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7
Q

Name the two types of digestion

A

Physical digestion and chemical digestion

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8
Q

What is physical digestion?

A

The mechanical breakdown of food using physical movement

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9
Q

Give two examples of physical digestion

A

Chewing (mastication), and muscle contraction causing churning of food in the stomach

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10
Q

Explain the function of physical digestion

A

To increase the surface area for chemical digestion

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10
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The hydrolysis of bonds by enzymes to break large food molecules into smaller ones.

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11
Q

Name the 6 digestive enzymes

A

Amylase, maltase, lipase, endopeptidases, exopeptidases, dipeptidases

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12
Q

Why are digestive enzymes specific?

A

Because their active sites have a specific tertiary shape, which is only complementary to the substrate

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13
Q

Why is it advantageous for digestive enzymes to be embedded in the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells of the ileum, rather than be secreted into the ileum lumen?

A

Because they are not lost with the gut contents

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14
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

The pancreas

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15
Q

Where does amylase act?

A

The mouth (secreted from the salivary gland) and the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells of the ileum

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16
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

To hydrolyse starch to maltose

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17
Q

Where is maltase produced?

A

The ileum

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18
Q

Where does maltase act?

A

In the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells of the ileum

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19
Q

What is the function of maltase?

A

To hydrolyse maltose to glucose

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20
Q

How is glucose transported from the ileum lumen to the blood?

A

By co-transport

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21
Q

Once monosaccharides are in the bloodstream, what happens to them?

A

Transported to cells to be used in respiration, or transported to liver and muscle cells to be stored as glycogen

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22
Q

Recall the five stages of lipid digestion and absorption

A

Emulsification, Hydrolysis, Micelle formation, Chylomicron formation and Chylomicron transport.

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23
Q

Name the chemicals that are used to emulsify lipids

A

Bile salts

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24
Q

Where are bile salts produced, stored and secreted into?

A

Produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and secreted into the ileum lumen.

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25
Q

Where does emulsification occur?

A

Ileum lumen

26
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Breaking lipids down into many smaller droplets

27
Q

Explain the function of emulsification

A

Smaller droplets have a higher SA:Volume, which increases surface area for lipase action, which allows faster hydrolysis of lipids

28
Q

Where are lipases produced?

A

Pancreas.

29
Q

Where do lipases act?

A

In the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells of the ileum

30
Q

What is the function of lipases?

A

To hydrolyse ester bonds in triglycerides, forming a monoglyceride and two fatty acids

31
Q

What is a monoglyceride?

A

A molecule containing a glycerol and a fatty acid

32
Q

Where does micelle formation occur?

A

In the ileum lumen

33
Q

What is a micelle?

A

An association of monoglycerides, fatty acids and bile salts

34
Q

Describe the function of micelles

A

To transport monoglycerides and fatty acids across the cell surface membrane of the ileum epithelial cells.

35
Q

By which type of molecular transport do glycerol and fatty acid molecules cross the cell surface membrane of the epithelial cells of the ileum?

A

Diffusion

36
Q

Where does chylomicron formation occur?

A

In the epithelial cells of the ileum

37
Q

Which two cell organelles are involved in chylomicron formation?

A

SER and Golgi apparatus

38
Q

Describe the role of the SER in chylomicron formation

A

Here the monoglycerides and fatty acids are reformed into triglycerides

39
Q

Describe the role of the Golgi apparatus in chylomicron formation

A

Here triglycerides are combined with proteins and formed into chylomicrons

40
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Lipoprotein vesicles used to transport lipids from the ileum lumen around the body

41
Q

How do chylomicrons travel out of the ileum epitheliel cells?

A

Exocytosis

42
Q

Where do chylomicrons travel to when they leave the ileum epithelial cells?

A

Lacteals

43
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

44
Q

Where are lacteals found in the digestive system?

A

At the centre of each villus

45
Q

Where are peptidases (proteases) produced?

A

Pancreas

46
Q

Where do peptidases (proteases) act?

A

Stomach and the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells of the ileum

47
Q

Why are peptidases (proteases) produced in the pancreas in an inactive form?

A

So they don’t hydrolyse the pancreas tissue

48
Q

How is Trypsin transported from the pancreas to the ileum?

A

Through pancreatic ducts

49
Q

What is the function of endopeptidases?

A

They break polypeptides into smaller peptide chains by hydrolysing internal peptide bonds. This increases the surface area for exopeptidases.

50
Q

What is the function of exopeptidases?

A

They remove terminal amino acids by hydrolysing the terminal peptide bonds

51
Q

What is the function of dipeptidases?

A

Hydrolyse dipeptides into amino acids

52
Q

How are amino acids transported from the ileum lumen to the blood?

A

By co-transport

53
Q

Once amino acids are in the bloodstream, what happens to them?

A

Transported to cells to be used in protein synthesis.

54
Q

Which two monosaccharides make up the disaccharide lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

55
Q

Which enzyme hydrolyses lactose to its monosaccharides?

A

Lactase

56
Q

Where is lactase found in the digestive system?

A

In the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells of the ileum

57
Q

What is ‘lactose intolerance?’

A

An inability to digest lactose

58
Q

What is the cause of lactose intolerance?

A

Lactase deficiency

59
Q

What are the two advantages of using immobilised lactase in experiments to study lactose intolerance?

A

No lactase in the milk, and the enzymes can be reused

60
Q

Which biochemical test could you use to ascertain whether the immobilised lactase has hydrolysed lactose?

A

Benedict’s solution

61
Q

If the immobilised lactase hasn’t hydrolysed the lactose, what would the result of the Benedict’s test be?

A

Blue - negative

62
Q

If the immobilised lactase has hydrolysed the lactose, what would the result of the Benedict’s test be?

A

Brick red precipitate - positive

63
Q

What is the function of an experimental control?

A

Experimental controls are needed to eliminate alternate explanations of experimental results

Biology (26 decks)

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