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Biology > 12. RESPIRATION > Flashcards

12. RESPIRATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain why mitochondria have many cristae

A

To provide a large surface area for respiration enzymes for a faster rate of respiration

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2
Q

Write a full and balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

Describe the function of a coenzyme

A

To transport particles from one reaction to another

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4
Q

Name the four stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis, link reaction, Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic (because it does not require oxygen)

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7
Q

How is glucose phosphorylated to glucose phosphate in the first stage of glycolysis?

A

Two phosphate ions are added from two molecules of ATP

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8
Q

In glycolysis, glucose phosphate splits into two 3 carbon molecules. What are they called?

A

Triose phosphate

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9
Q

Describe how pyruvate is formed from triose phosphate in the final stage of glycolysis

A

Triose phosphate is oxidised by the removal of hydrogen atoms, which are used to reduce NAD to NADH.

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10
Q

How many molecules of ATP are required in the oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP per triose phosphate, so 4 ATP in total

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11
Q

How many carbon atoms does each pyruvate molecule contain?

A

3 carbons each (6 carbons in total)

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12
Q

Name all the reactants of glycolysis

A

1 x Glucose, 2 x ATP, 4 x ADP, 2 x NAD

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13
Q

Name all the products of glycolysis

A

2 x Pyruvate, 2 x ADP, 2 x NADH, 4 x ATP

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14
Q

Why can we say there is a net production of 2 ATP in glycolysis?

A

Because two ATP are required for the phosphorylation of glucose phosphate, but four ATP are produced in the oxidation of Triose Phosphate

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15
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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16
Q

Name the two reactions that happen to pyruvate when it is converted to acetate?

A

Oxidation and Decarboxylation

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17
Q

Describe how pyruvate is oxidised to acetate in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate is oxidised through the removal of hydrogen atoms which are used to reduce NAD to NADH

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18
Q

Describe the decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate

A

A carbon atom is removed from pyruvate and is used to produce one molecule of carbon dioxide

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19
Q

How many carbon atoms does acetate contain?

A

Two

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20
Q

Desribe how acetate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A in the final stage of the link reaction

A

Acetate and coenzyme A are combined to form Acetyl Coenzyme A

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21
Q

Name all the reactants of the link reaction per pyruyvate molecule

A

1 x Pyruvate, 1 x NAD, 1 x Coenzyme A

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22
Q

Name all the reactants of the link reaction per glucose molecule

A

2 x Pyruvate, 2 x NAD, 2 x Coenzyme A

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23
Q

Name all the products of the link reaction per pyruvate molecule

A

1 x Acetylcoenzyme A, 1 x Carbon Dioxide, 1 x NADH

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24
Q

Name all the products of the link reaction per glucose molecule

A

2 x Acetylcoenzyme A, 2 x Carbon Dioxide, 2 x NADH

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25
Q

Describe what happens to acetylcoenzyme A in the first stage of the Krebs cycle

A

Acetylcoenzyme splits into acetate and coenzyme A

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26
Q

Describe what happens to the coenzyme A produced from the splitting of acetylcoenzyme A in the Krebs cycle

A

It goes back to the link reaction to bond with another molecule of acetate

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27
Q

Describe what happens to the acetate produced from the splitting of acetylcoenzyme A in the link reaction

A

It bonds with a 4 carbon molecule to produce a 6 carbon molecule

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28
Q

In the krebs cycle, the 6C molecule undergoes a series of what type of reactions?

A

A series of redox reactions

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29
Q

How many molecules of NAD are reduced into NADH in the series of redox reactions in the krebs cycle (per molecule of acetate)?

A

3 NAD reduced to 3 NADH

30
Q

How many molecules of NAD are reduced into NADH in the series of redox reactions in the krebs cycle (per molecule of glucose)?

A

6 NAD reduced to 6 NADH

31
Q

How many molecules of FAD are reduced into FADH2 in the series of redox reactions in the krebs cycle (per molecule of acetate)?

A

1 FAD reduced to 1 FADH2

32
Q

How many molecules of FAD are reduced into FADH2 in the series of redox reactions in the krebs cycle (per molecule of glucose)?

A

2 FAD reduced to 2 FADH2

33
Q

How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced in the krebs cycle (per molecule of acetate)?

A

2 carbon dioxide molecules

34
Q

How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced in the krebs cycle (per molecule of glucose)?

A

4 carbon dioxide molecules

35
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in the krebs cycle (per molecule of acetate)?

A

1 molecule of ATP

36
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in the krebs cycle (per molecule of glucose)?

A

2 molecules of ATP

37
Q

What happens to the reduced coenzymes that are made in the krebs cycle?

A

They are transported to the mitochondrial inner membrane to be used in oxidative phosphorylation

38
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Cristae (mitochondrial inner membrane)

39
Q

At the beginning of oxidative phosphorylation, reduced coenyzmes are oxidised through the removal of hydrogen atoms. What do these hydrogen atoms split into?

A

H+ and electrons

40
Q

What happens to the electrons produced from the oxidation of the coenzymes in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

They travel down the electron transport chain, releasing energy

41
Q

What is the energy released from the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation used for?

A

It’s used to pump the H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space (over the inner membrane)

42
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, what does that pumping of H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space create over the inner membrane?

A

An electrochemical gradient

43
Q

Describe chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation

A

H+ flow down an electrochemical gradient from the inner membrane space through ATP Synthase into the matrix

44
Q

What does the flow of H+ through ATP Synthase during chemiosmosis catalyse?

A

The formation of ATP from ADP + Pi

45
Q

Describe the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

A

It is the final electron acceptor. It bonds with electrons and H+ to form water.

46
Q

Write an equation to show the formation of water at the end of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation

A

2H+ + 2e- + 1/2 O2 → H2O

47
Q

Describe what would happen to the ETC in oxidative phosphorylation if oxygen wasn’t present

A

Oxygen could not act as the final electron acceptor, electrons could not pass down the ETC, the electrochemical gradient couldn’t be formed, and chemiosmosis couldn’t occur. ATP would not be formed

48
Q

Apart from carbohydrates, name the two main alternative respiratory substrates

A

Proteins and lipids

49
Q

Which chemical groups in a lipid can be used as alternative respiratory substrates?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

50
Q

Fatty acids can be oxidised through the removal of hydrogen atoms. Describe how these hydrogen atoms can be used as alternative substrates in respiration

A

The hydrogen atoms can go into oxidative phosphorylation, where they’ll split into H+ and e-

51
Q

Fatty acids can be split into 2 carbon fragments. Describe how these 2 carbon fragments can be used as alternative substrates in respiration

A

The 2 carbon fragments are converted into acetylcoenzyme A, which enters the Krebs cycle

52
Q

Describe how glycerol can be used as an alternative substrate in respiration

A

Glycerol can be phosphorylated to triose phosphate, which is then converted to pyruvate, which then enters the link reaction

53
Q

Before being used in respiration, amino acids are deaminated. What does this mean?

A

Removal of the amine group

54
Q

Why does deamination of amino acids produce molecules with differing numbers of carbon atoms?

A

Because the number of carbon atoms in the R groups will differ

55
Q

Describe how the 3 carbon molecules produced from amino acid deamination can be used as an alternative substrate in respiration

A

They can be converted to pyruvate, which enters the link reaction and then the Krebs cycle

56
Q

Describe how the 4 and 5 carbon molecules produced from amino acid deamination can be used as an alternative substrate in respiration

A

They are converted into intermediates and enter the krebs cycle at different points

57
Q

Which is the only stage of respiration that occurs in anaerobic conditions in animals and plants

A

Glycolysis

58
Q

Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur in animals?

A

Cytoplasm

59
Q

Describe what happens to pyruvate in animal anaerobic respiration

A

It is reduced through the addition of a hydrogen atom from NADH

60
Q

Describe the products of the reduction of pyruvate in animal anaerobic respiration

A

1 x Lactate, 1 x NAD

61
Q

What happens to the NAD produced from anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

It is recycled back into glycolysis

62
Q

What is the net production of ATP from anaerobic respiration in animals

A

2 ATP

63
Q

Describe the effect of the build up of lactate in respiring tissues

A

It lowers the pH of the tissue, causing fatigue

64
Q

Lactate can be removed from the tissue by the blood. Where is it transported to, and what happens to it?

A

It’s transported to the liver and turned into glycogen

65
Q

How is the lactate produced in anaerobic respiration in animals converted back into pyruvate?

A

It is oxidised back into pyruvate when oxygen becomes available again

66
Q

What is the name for the anaerobic respiration in microorganisms and plants?

A

Fermentation

67
Q

Describe what happens to pyruvate in fermentation

A

It is reduced through the addition of a hydrogen atom from NADH. It is also decarboxylated, producing a molecule of carbon dioxide.

68
Q

How many carbon atoms does a molecule of ethanol contain?

A

2 carbons

69
Q

Name all the products of fermentation one molecule of pyruvate

A

1 x ethanol, 1 x carbon dioxide, 1 x NAD

70
Q

What happens to the NAD produced from fermentation?

A

It is recycled back into glycolysis

71
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

Biology (26 decks)

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