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Biology > 6a. EXCHANGE > Flashcards

6a. EXCHANGE Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some substances that are exchanged

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, excretory products

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2
Q

Describe the surface area to volume ratio of smaller organisms

A

Smaller organisms have higher surface area:volume ratio

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3
Q

Describe the surface area to volume ratio of larger organisms

A

Larger organisms have smaller surface area:volume ratio

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4
Q

How does surface area : volume ratio affect rate of heat exchange?

A

As surface area : volume ratio decreases, rate of heat exchange also decreases

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5
Q

State why smaller animals have high metabolic rate

A

Smaller animals lose heat at a faster rate so therefore they need a high metabolic rate in order to generate enough heat to stay warm.

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6
Q

List the four features gas exchange surfaces that increase the rate of gas exchange

A

Large surface area, thin walls, a transport system, and ventilated

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7
Q

Why do exchange surfaces have a large surface area?

A

To increase the rate of gas exchange

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8
Q

Why do exchange surfaces have a thin epithelium? (one cell thick)

A

To minimise the diffusion distance

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9
Q

Why are exchange surfaces surrounded by lots of capillaries?

A

To maintain the concentration gradients

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10
Q

Why are exchange surfaces ventilated?

A

To maintain the diffusion gradients

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11
Q

State the equation that links diffusion, surface area, length of diffusion pathway and difference in concentration

A

Diffusion ∞ surface area x difference in concentration / length of diffusion path

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12
Q

State the formula to calculate volume of a sphere

A

V = 4/3πr3

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13
Q

State the formula to calculate volume of a cylinder

A

V = πr2h

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14
Q

Describe how single-celled organisms exchange gases

A

Single-celled organisms exchange gases by diffusion through their outer surface which is covered by a cell surface membrane.

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15
Q

Name the different parts of an insect’s gas exchange system

A

Spiracles, trachae, trachioles

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16
Q

Describe the function of spiracles

A

The pores on the insect’s surface which allow air to diffuse in and out of the trachaea

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17
Q

Describe how air is moved in and out of the spiracles

A

Abdominal pumping

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18
Q

Why do smaller insects not need to abdominal pump?

A

As their small surface area : volume allows a shorter diffusion distance to tissues.

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the trachaea and tracheoles

A

Trachaea are tubes that divide into smaller tubes called tracheoles, which are highly branched with thin walls

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20
Q

Why are tracheoles highly branched with thin walls?

A

To provide a short diffusion distance to any body cell

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21
Q

Why is respiration important in the gas exchange system of insects?

A

It maintains the diffusion gradients between the inside of the tracheoles and the air

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22
Q

What are the end of the tracheoles filled with?

A

Tracheal fluid.

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23
Q

When insects respire anaerobically, what is produced?

A

Lactate (lactic acid).

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24
Q

What effect does the presence of lactate have on insect muscle cells?

A

Lactate is soluble in water so lowers the water potential of muscle cells.

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25
Q

What is the effect of the reduction of the water potential of the muscle cells?

A

Fluid moves into the muscle cells from the tracheoles by osmosis.

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26
Q

What happens as the tracheal fluid is drawn into the muscle cells?

A

This draws more air into the tracheoles, increasing the rate of diffusion

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27
Q

How is water lost from an insect’s exchange system?

A

Evaporation

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28
Q

What is the purpose of the tiny hairs around the spiracles?

A

They reduce evaporation.

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29
Q

How does an insect control water loss from it’s exchange system?

A

It opens and closes its spiracles

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30
Q

Describe the structure of fish gills.

A

Each gill has many gill filaments extending from a gill arch. Along the gill filaments, at right angles to them, are gill lamellae.

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31
Q

Why does each gill have many gill filaments?

A

To increase the surface area.

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32
Q

What is the function of the lamellae?

A

To increase the surface area.

33
Q

Describe the features of fish gills that increase the rate of exchange

A

Large surface area, thin walls, a transport system, and ventilated

34
Q

How do fish ventilate their gills?

A

Buccal pumping

35
Q

During buccal pumping, the fish will lower the floor of their mouths. Why does this draw water into the mouth?

A

It increases the volume and decreases the pressure inside the mouth.

36
Q

During buccal pumping, the fish will raise the floor of their mouths. Why does this force water over the gills?

A

It decreases the volume and increases the pressure inside the mouth.

37
Q

Why are a fish’s gill filament and lamellae surrounded by many capillaries?

A

The circulation maintains the concentration gradients

38
Q

What is the counter-current system?

A

Blood flows in the opposite direction to water

39
Q

Explain why the counter-current system increases gas exchange

A

Blood is always passing water with a higher oxygen concentration, so a diffusion gradient is maintained throughout the length of the gill filaments.

40
Q

Name the different parts of the human gaseous exchange system

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, ribcage, right and left lungs, alveoli

41
Q

What is the function of the rings of cartilage around the trachea?

A

They prevent it collapsing under low pressure

42
Q

What is the trachea divided into?

A

Two bronchi

43
Q

What do the bronchi divide into?

A

Bronchioles

44
Q

What are found at the end of brionchioles?

A

Alveoli

45
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

They are the site of gas exchange

46
Q

Why do alveoli contain elastic and collagen fibres?

A

To allow them to stretch and recoil

47
Q

Why do the lungs contain many alveoli?

A

To produce a large surface area

48
Q

Why is the alveolar epithelium one cell thick?

A

To provide a short diffusion pathway

49
Q

Why are the alveoli surrounded by many capillaries?

A

Circulation maintains the diffusion gradients

50
Q

Why are the capillary epithelium one cell thick?

A

To provide a short diffusion pathway

51
Q

List in the correct sequence all the structures that air passes through a human respiratory system

A

Nostril, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli.

52
Q

What is the purpose of ventilation of the lungs?

A

To maintain the diffusion gradients

53
Q

Name the two types of muscle involved in human ventilation

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

54
Q

What is inspiration?

A

When air is drawn into the lungs down a pressure gradient

55
Q

Why is inspiration an active process?

A

It involves muscle contraction

56
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscles contract and internal intercostal muscles relax. They are antagonistic.

57
Q

What happens to the ribs during inspiration?

A

They are pulled upwards and outwards

58
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

It contracts and flattens

59
Q

Describe what happens to the volume and pressure inside the thorax during inspiration that causes air to be drawn into the lungs?

A

Volume increases and pressure decreases

60
Q

What is expiration?

A

Expiration is when air is forced out of the lungs down a pressure gradient.

61
Q

Why is expiration a passive process?

A

It does not involves muscle contraction

62
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles during expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles contract and external intercostal muscles relax. They are antagonistic.

63
Q

What happens to the ribs during expiration?

A

They move downwards and inwards.

64
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

It relaxes (and moves up).

65
Q

Describe what happens to the volume and pressure inside the thorax during expiration that causes air to be pushed out of the lungs

A

Volume decreases and pressure increases

66
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

The volume of air in each breath.

67
Q

Define breathing / ventilation rate.

A

The number of breaths per minute.

68
Q

Define forced expiratory volume.

A

This is the maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in one second.

69
Q

Define forced vital capacity.

A

This is the maximum volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully.

70
Q

Define PVR

A

Pulmonary Ventilation Rate: volume of air moved into lungs per minute.

71
Q

Recall the equation used to calculate PVR

A

PVR (dm3 min-1) = tidal volume dm3) × breathing rate (min-1)

72
Q

State what a spirometer is.

A

An equipment used to measure the volume of air breathed in and out.

73
Q

Name some lung diseases.

A

Asthma, Emphysema, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, fibrosis.

74
Q

Describe some risk factors for lung diseases.

A

Smoking, air pollution, genetic makeup, infections, occupation

75
Q

Describe how breathing in dust and harmful gases can decrease the rate of gas exchange

A

It can cause the epithelium to become thicker, increasing the diffusion distance

76
Q

Describe what happens during an asthma attack

A

The muscle walls of the bronchi contract and the walls of the bronchi secrete more mucus, which reduces the diameter of the airways, reducing the air flow.

77
Q

How does smoking reduce air flow to the lungs?

A

Smoking causes the airways to become inflamed and produce excess mucus. This narrows the airways.

78
Q

Smoking can cause scar tissue to form on the alveoli. What effect does this have?

A

It reduces the elasticity of the lungs, and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange.

Biology (26 decks)

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