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Biology > 5. CELL RECOGNITION & THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

5. CELL RECOGNITION & THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the four main types of pathogen

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi and protista

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2
Q

Define what a pathogen is

A

A disease-causing microorganism

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3
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

They release toxins

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4
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

They replicate inside cells and damage them

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5
Q

Explain the purpose of the body’s primary defenses

A

To prevent pathogens from entering the body

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6
Q

Recall the five primary defenses

A

Skin, stomach acid, lysosomes in tears and genital tract, cilia and mucus

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7
Q

Which two primary defenses utilise lysosomes?

A

Tears and genital tract

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8
Q

Describe what a phagosome is

A

A pathogen engulfed in a phagocyte

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9
Q

Describe what a phagolysosome is

A

When a phagosome fuses with the lysosomes inside a phagocyte

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10
Q

Explain how macrophages become APCs

A

The pathogen’s antigens are displayed on the phagocyte’s cell surface membrane

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11
Q

Recall the five cells / molecules that would initiate an immune response

A

Pathogens, toxins, cancer cells, cells invaded by viruses, and cells of adifferent organism of the same species

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12
Q

Identify non-self and altered self-cells

A

Non-self: pathogens, toxins, cells of a different organism of the same species.
Altered self: cancer cells, cells invaded by viruses

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13
Q

Which type of lymphocytes facilitate cell-mediated immunity, and which facilitate humoural immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes.
Humoural immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes.

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14
Q

Name the three types of T-Lymphocytes and where they mature

A

T Helper cells, Cytotoxic T cells and T memory cells.
Mature in the Thymus gland.

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15
Q

Which T-Lymphcyte bind to APCs?

A

T Helper cells

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16
Q

Recall the four actions of T-helper cells

A

Stimulates the production of antibodiesby plasma cells.
Stimulates the cloning of cytotoxic T cells.
Produce cytokines, which attracts more macrophages, increasing the number of APCs

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17
Q

How do T lymphocytes divide?

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

Which is the only T-Lymphocyte that destroys pathogens?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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19
Q

How do Cytotoxic T Cells destroy pathogens?

A

They release perforin, which creates small holes in the pathogen’s cell membrane

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20
Q

How to T-Helper cells attract more macrophages to the infected site?

A

They release cytokines

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21
Q

Name the T lymphocyte that gives you immunity

A

T memory cells

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22
Q

Name the three B-Lymphocytes and where they mature

A

B cells, Plasma cells, B memory cells.
Mature in the bone marrow.

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23
Q

Which B lymphocyte produces antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

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24
Q

Describe what antibody agglutination is

A

Binding many pathogens together

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25
Q

What is formed when an antibody binds to an antigen?

A

Antibody-antigen complex

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26
Q

Name the B lymphocyte that gives you immunity

A

B memory cells

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27
Q

Define what an antibody is

A

A protein that is specific to an antigen

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28
Q

What two things can antibodies bind to?

A

Bind to antigens, and bind to toxins

29
Q

What is the effect of antibodies binding to viruses in particular?

A

Prevents them entering self cells

30
Q

What allows many different shapes of antibodies to be made?

A

They are made from proteins, which can have many different tertiary structures

31
Q

How many different types of protein are antibodies made from? How many chains of each?

A

Two heavy chains and two light chains

32
Q

How many different regions are there on an antibody? How many of each?

A

Two variable regions and one constant region

33
Q

Why is there two variable regions on an antibody?

A

So the antibody can bind to two antigens at once, agglutinating the pathogens

34
Q

What are the variable regions on an antibody complimentary to?

A

the antigen or toxin

35
Q

What does snake antivenom contain?

A

Antibodieswhich are complimentary to thespecific snake toxins.

36
Q

What type of immunity is utilised when snake anti venom is used?

A

Passive

37
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies clones?

A

Because they are all produced from the same plasma cell

38
Q

Outside the body, what are monoclonal antibodies used for?

A

Medical testing, e.g. pregnancy tests and the ELISA test

39
Q

What is special about the antibodies in the reaction zone of a pregnancy test?

A

They are bound to coloured dyes or enzymes

40
Q

How is a coloured strip formed in the test zone of a pregnancy test if the test is positive?

A

The immobilised enzymes bind to the hCG-antibody complex (with dyes attached)

41
Q

What is the purpose of the control zone?

A

To prevent false positives or false negatives

42
Q

How is a coloured strip formed in the control zone of a pregnancy test?

A

The immobilised enzymes bind to the antibodies with the coloured dye attached

43
Q

Name the four types of immunity

A

Natural active, natural passive, artificial active, artificial passive

44
Q

What is the fundamental difference between active and passive immunity?

A

In active immunity, the patient makes their own antibodies and therefore memory cells. In passive, they do not.

45
Q

Which part of the pathogen is in a vaccination?

A

The antigens

46
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Herd immunity arises when a sufficiently large proportion of thepopulation has been vaccinated to make it difficult for apathogen to spread within that population

47
Q

Who is herd immunity important for?

A

Unvaccinated people, e.g. children and the immunosuppressed

48
Q

How does antigenic variability occur in pathogens?

A

Mutations occur in the genes that code for the antigens

49
Q

Which lymphocyte does HIV invade and kill?

A

T Helper cells

50
Q

Label a diagram of a HIV, including; phospholipid bilayer, glycoprotein (antigen), capsid, RNA & reverse transcriptase

A
51
Q

Why is HIV classed as a retrovirus?

A

Because it contains RNA as its genetic material, and reverse transcriptase

52
Q

Why do the glycoproteins in HIV’s phospholipid bilayer act as antigens?

A

Because they are a different shape to the antigens on the body’s cells

53
Q

What is a normal TH count in a healthy person?

A

800-1200cm-3

54
Q

Estimate a HIV infected person’s TH count

A

200cm-3

55
Q

Why might someone not develop AIDS related symptoms until a long time after initial HIV infection?

A

Because HIV can lay dormant over time

56
Q

What kinds of infections occur when a patient’s TH count becomes low?

A

Opportunistic infections

57
Q

Explain why a low TH count causes opportunistic infections

A

Less TH cells means less antibodies are produced

58
Q

When can someone be diagnosed with AIDS?

A

When their TH cell count has reduced past a point, and they develop AIDS-like symptoms

59
Q

During HIV replication, what happens to the viral DNA?

A

It is incorporated into the host DNA

60
Q

During HIV replication, what happens to the viral DNA once it is incorporated into the host DNA?

A

It is transcribed and translated

61
Q

During HIV replication, what happens once the viral proteins have been translated?

A

They are assembled

62
Q

During HIV replication, what happens once the viral proteins have been assembled?

A

The virus buds off and exits the host cell. It then goes to infect another cell.

63
Q

What is the ELISA test used for?

A

To detect the presence and amount of proteins.

64
Q

In the ELISA test, what is attached to the test well?

A

The antigen / protein

65
Q

In the ELISA test, what in the patient’s blood will attach to the antigens in the test well?

A

The complimentary antibodies

66
Q

In the ELISA test, why is the well washed?

A

To remove any unbound antibodies

67
Q

In the ELISA test, what two things are added after the well is washed?

A

A second antibody, which is complimentary to the first antibody, and has an enzyme attached. Also a solution which changes colour in the presence of the enzyme.

68
Q

In the ELISA test, what does the amount of colour signify?

A

The amount of protein present in the patient’s blood

Biology (26 decks)

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