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Biology > 10. BIODIVERSITY > Flashcards

10. BIODIVERSITY Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Biodiversity is thevarietyof plant and animal life in aparticular habitat.

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2
Q

Name the three types of diversity in nature

A

Genetic, species and ecosystem

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3
Q

Define what a habitat is

A

A place where a community of organisms live.

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4
Q

Define what a community is

A

An interacting group oforganismsin a habitat.

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5
Q

Define what an ecosystem is

A

A biological community ofinteracting organismsand theirphysical environment.

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6
Q

Define species richness

A

The number of speciesin a habitat.

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7
Q

Why does increasing the variety of plants in an ecosystem increase the biodiversity?

A

The number of different habitats increases, and the variety of different food sources increases

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8
Q

Recall the equation to calculate Index of Diversity

A
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9
Q

Recall the two things you need to be able to calculate Index of Diversity

A

The total number of organisms, and the abundance of each organism

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10
Q

Why is it better to use Index of Div instead of species richness?

A

Species richness only measure the number of species, whereas the index of diversity measure the species richness and abundance of each

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11
Q

What happens to the value of the Index of Div as the ecosystem becomes more biodiverse?

A

It increases

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12
Q

What happens the stability of an ecosystem and its ability to withstand change as its biodiversity changes?

A

It increases

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13
Q

What effect does farming have on the species richness of an ecosystem?

A

It decreases it

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14
Q

What effect does farming have on the index of diversity of an ecosystem?

A

It decreases it

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15
Q

How does crop farming create a lower biodiversity of animals?

A

It reduces the number of different habitats, and reduces the variety of food sources

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16
Q

Name four artificial interventions used by farmers to reduce the competition for their crops

A

Pesticides, herbicides, fertilisers, irrigation

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17
Q

How do farmers eliminate unwanted plants?

A

Herbicides

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18
Q

How do farmers eliminate unwanted animals?

A

Pesticides

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19
Q

What should farmers use instead of fences to separate their fields?

A

Hedgerows

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20
Q

Why should farmers maintain any ponds on their land?

A

Ponds would increase the number of different habitats, and increase the variety of different food sources

21
Q

Describe the effect of overgrazing on the biodiversity of the ecosystem

A

It decreases it

22
Q

Why might farmers replace hedgerows with fences?

A

Fences increase the area available to grow crops, and fences require less maintenance SO more income

23
Q

Why is crop rotation important in crop farming?

A

It prevents soil becoming deficient in one particular mineral

24
Q

Why should farmers wait to cut the edges of fields until after flowering and seed dispersal?

A

To allows natural pollination and seed dispersal to maintain the biodiversity of the natural plants

25
Q

Why is using observable characteristics to determine evolutionary relationships not always accurate?

A

Most observable characteristics are polygenic. Observable characteristics can be changed by the environment. Structures can be analogous.

26
Q

Which process changes the base sequence of DNA?

A

Mutation

27
Q

Which three biological molecules can you use to determine two individuals / species relatedness?

A

DNA, mRNA and proteins

28
Q

How do you determine how closely related two individuals are by using their DNA base sequences?

A

Count the number of differences / similarities

29
Q

What happens over time that causes more physical differences to exist between different individuals / species?

A

Mutations accumulate over time, and the more genetic differences, the more physical differences

30
Q

Which biological molecule is the most inaccurate to use to ascertain evolutionary relatedness?

A

Proteins

31
Q

Why are proteins the most inaccurate biological molecules to use to ascertain evolutionary relationships?

A

Each aminoacid is coded for by a tripletofbases. Each amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon because DNA is degenerate.

32
Q

What are analogous characteristics?

A

Structures that look similar but have different evolutionary origins (have developed through convergent evolution)

33
Q

What are homologous characteristics?

A

Structures that look different but have similar evolutionary origins (have developed through divergent evolution)

34
Q

What is taxonomy the study of?

A

Classification

35
Q

What is each group within taxonomy called?

A

Taxa

36
Q

What are the three principles of taxonomy

A

There are smaller groups within a larger group, which are non-overlapping. These groups reflect their evolutionary history.

37
Q

Describe why taxonomy is considered a hierachy

A

There are smaller groups within larger groups, which are non-overlapping.

38
Q

Recall the 8 taxa, from largest to smallest

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

39
Q

Name the three domains

A

Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea

40
Q

Name the kingdoms within the Eukarya domain

A

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi andProtoctista

41
Q

Which two taxa comprises a binomial name?

A

Genus and species (Homo Sapiens)

42
Q

How can you ascertain how closely related two species are from their classification?

A

The more taxa they have in common, the more closely related they are

43
Q

Identify a circular taxonomy diagram

A
44
Q

Why is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary relationships between organisms

45
Q

What is the diagram used in phylogeny called?

A

A phylogenetic tree

46
Q

Where in a phylogenetic tree are oldest species, and where are the newest species?

A

Oldest species at the bottom, newest species at the top

47
Q

Phylogenetic trees predict that time at which two species diverged from what?

A

Their common ancestor

48
Q

How can the relatedness of two species be ascertained from a phylogenetic tree?

A

The more recent the divergence from their common ancestor, the more closely related two species are

Biology (26 decks)

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