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Biology > 3a. CELL STRUCTURE > Flashcards

3a. CELL STRUCTURE Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the four types of eukaryote

A

Plants, animals, fungi and protists

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2
Q

What is the average diameter of an eukaryotic cell?

A

50µm (micrometers)

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3
Q

Which molecule is the cell membrane mainly made from, and what configuration are they in?

A

Phosphlipids, in a bilayer

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4
Q

Describe the function of the cell membrane

A

To separate two aqueous environments. To control what goes into and out of the cell.

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5
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes and a nucleolus inside the nucleoplasm

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6
Q

What other organelle is the nuclear envelope continuous with?

A

RER

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the nuclear membrane

A

It is a double phospholipid bilayer with nuclear pores

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8
Q

What is contained inside the nucleolus

A

Ribosomes and rRNA

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9
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

To store chromosomes

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10
Q

Describe the function of the nucleolus

A

To assemble ribosomes

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11
Q

Which type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

A

80s ribosomes (larger)

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12
Q

Describe the two places ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells

A

Free ribosomes in the nucleus, and ribosomes bound to the RER

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13
Q

Describe the function of free ribosomes found in the cytoplasm

A

To synthesise proteins for use inside the cell

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14
Q

Describe the function of the ribosomes bound to the RER

A

To synthesise proteins that will be released out of the cell (e.g. enzymes, hormones etc)

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15
Q

RER are made of a stack of membrane folds. What are these membrane folds called?

A

Cisternae

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16
Q

Describe the function of the RER

A

To synthesise proteins that will be released out of the cell (e.g. enzymes, hormones etc)

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17
Q

Once proteins have been synthesised in the RER, which organelle are they transported to?

A

Golgi apparatus

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18
Q

SER are made of a stack of membrane folds. What are these membrane folds called?

A

Cisternae

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19
Q

Describe the function of the SER

A

To synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

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20
Q

Once lipids and carbohydrates have been synthesised in the RER, which organelle are they transported to?

A

Golgi apparatus

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21
Q

Describe the structural difference between the RER and SER

A

The RER have ribosomes bound to the cisternae and the SER does not

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22
Q

Golgi apparatus are made from stacks of layers of membrane. What are these layers of membrane called?

A

Cisternae

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23
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

To modify and package proteins, carbohydrates and lipids into vesicles

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24
Q

What comprises the outside of vesicles?

A

A single phospholipid bilayer

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25
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Vesicles containing lysozymes (enzymes)

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26
Q

Describe the function of vesicle

A

To transport molecules outside the cell

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27
Q

Mitochondria are surrounded by an double membrane. The inner membrane is folded. What are these folds called?

A

Cristae

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28
Q

What is the jelly-like substance inside a mitochondria called?

A

Matrix

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29
Q

Describe the function of the mitochondria

A

It is the site of respiration and therefore where ATP is produced

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30
Q

Which cellular process are centrioles involved in?

A

Cell division

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31
Q

Which polysaccharide are plant cell walls made from?

A

Cellulose

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32
Q

Which polysaccharide are fungi cell walls made from?

A

Chitin (chi-a-tin)

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33
Q

Which biological molecule do algae cell walls also contain?

A

Glycoproteins

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34
Q

Describe the function of the cell wall

A

Maintainsthe shape of a plant cell,prevents lysis, and provide strength andsupport

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35
Q

Name the single membrane that surrounds the vacuole

A

Tonoplast

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36
Q

Describe the function of the vacuole

A

To provide turgidity and store food

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37
Q

Name the individual discs found inside a chloroplast

A

Thylakoid

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38
Q

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

Grana (singular granum)

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39
Q

Name the structures that connect grana

A

Lamellae

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40
Q

Name the fluid found inside a chloroplast

A

Stroma

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41
Q

Describe the function of chloroplasts

A

The site of photosynthesis (production of carbohydrates)

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42
Q

Which polysaccharide can be found inside chloroplasts?

A

Starch (grains)

43
Q

Describe a adaptation a cell would have to carry out more active transport

A

More mitochondria

44
Q

Describe an adaptation a muscle cell would have to enable it to contract more

A

More mitochondria

45
Q

How might the mitochondria in muscle cells be adapted to enable the muscle cell to contract more?

A

They would have more cristae

46
Q

Explain why muscle cells and mitochondria have these adaptations (more cristae)

A

For an increased surface area for more respiration and therefore more contraction

47
Q

Describe an adaptation a palisade mesophyll cell might have to photosynthesis more

A

More chloroplasts

48
Q

How might the chloroplasts in palisade mesophyll cells be adapted to enable the cells to photosynthesise more?

A

More thylakoids

49
Q

Explain why palisade mesophyll cells and thylakoids might have these adaptations (more chloroplasts so more thylakoids)

A

An increased surface area for more photosynthesis

50
Q

Which three organelles might a glandular cell have more of?

A

More ribosomes (on the RER), more golgi apparatus, and more ATP

51
Q

Why might glandular cells have more ribosomes on their RER?

A

To synthesise more proteins for secretion

52
Q

Why might glandular cells have more golgi apparatus?

A

To package more proteins for secretion

53
Q

Why might glandular cells have more mitochondria?

A

To produce more ATP for more vesicle transport

54
Q

What is the average diameter of an prokaryotic cell?

A

5µm

55
Q

On average, how many times bigger is a eukaryotic cell compared to a prokaryotic cell?

A

10 x

56
Q

Describe the structure of the free DNA in prokaryotes

A

It is circular and not associated with histone proteins

57
Q

Describe the function of the free (circular) DNA in prokaryotes

A

It codes for the structural and functional proteins within the prokaryote

58
Q

Describe the function of plasmids in prokaryotes

A

Carry the genes that give the cell an evolutionary advantage, e.g. antibiotic resistance

59
Q

What is the difference between the cytoplasm in a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

A

The cytoplasm in a prokaryote lacks membrane-bound organelles, whereas the cytoplasm in a eukaryote contains membrane-bound organelles

60
Q

Name the glycoprotein the cell wall of a prokaryote is made from

A

Murein (mure-rain)

61
Q

What is the capsule in a prokaryote?

A

A slime layer surrounding the cell

62
Q

Describe the function of the capsule in a prokaryote

A

To protect the bacteria from environmental dangers

63
Q

Describe the function of the flagella in a prokaryote

A

Locomotion

64
Q

What is the average diameter of a virus?

A

20nm

65
Q

Viruses are non-living. They also contain no organelles. Therefore they cannot carry out their own ……………… ……………

A

Metabolic processes

66
Q

In which two forms can viral genetic material be in?

A

DNA or RNA

67
Q

What surrounds the viral genetic material?

A

Capsid

68
Q

Where are the attachment proteins found?

A

On the outside of the virus

69
Q

Describe the function of the attachment proteins

A

To allow it to attach to and infect host cells

70
Q

Name the two main type of microscopes

A

Optical (light) and Electron

71
Q

What is the maximum resolution of an optical microscope?

A

0.2µm

72
Q

What is the maximum resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.0002µm

73
Q

Why is the resolution of an electron microscope higher than that of a light microscope?

A

Because electrons have a smaller wavelength than light

74
Q

Name the two types of electron microscope

A

Transmission (TEM) and Scanning (SEM)

75
Q

Describe how a TEM works

A

Uses electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons which is then transmitted through the specimen.​ Denser parts of the specimen absorb more electrons which makes them look darker on the image.

76
Q

Describe two advantages of TEMs

A

Can see the internal structures of the specimen​
Highest resolving power

77
Q

Describe 3 limitations of a TEM

A

Specimens must be dead (viewed in a vacuum)​, image is 2D​, specimen must be very thin and stained – both are complex processes and can form artefacts​

78
Q

Describe how an SEM works

A

A beam of electrons is scanned acrossthe specimen​. This scatters electrons from the specimen, which is gathered in a cathode ray tube to form an image.

79
Q

Describe two advantages of SEMs

A

The image is 3D, the specimen can be thicker (as the electrons do not need to penetrate), therefore less artefacts are produced

80
Q

Describe two limitations of a SEM

A

Specimens must be dead (viewed in a vacuum), only the surface of the specimen can be observed (cannot see internal structures), and a lower resolution than TEMs

81
Q

Describe two advantages of light microscopes

A

The image is in colour, live specimens can be used

82
Q

When using a light microscope, why must our specimen be thin?

A

To allow light to pass through the sample

83
Q

Why do we stain our specimens?

A

To make the organelles more visible

84
Q

Once our specimen is mounted on the microscope slide, why should we press down firmly on the cover slip?

A

To ensure the sample is thin enough for light to pass through

85
Q

When producing biological drawings, the lines should be …………….

A

Unbroken

86
Q

When producing biological drawings, there should be no hatching or …………..

A

Shading

87
Q

The large and small details of our biological drawings should be the same ………. and ………… as the image

A

Size and shape

88
Q

How should we draw label lines on biological drawings?

A

Straight and parallel with no arrowheads

89
Q

What kind of scale must always be present on a biological drawing?

A

A magnification scale

90
Q

Recall the equation to calculate magnification

A

Magnification = Image size / Actual size

91
Q

What is the conversion between cm and mm?

A

1cm = 10mm

92
Q

What is the conversion between mm and µm?

A

1mm = 1000µm

93
Q

What is the conversion between µm and nm?

A

1µm = 1000nm

94
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

The process of breaking up cells and separating out their organelles

95
Q

Recall the three stages of cell fractionation

A

Homogenisation, Filtration and Ultracentrifugation

96
Q

Describe how tissues are homogenised

A

In a blender

97
Q

What is the purpose of cell homogenisation?

A

To break up the plasma membranes and release the organelles

98
Q

During cell fractionation, the tissue must be kept in a solution. What three properties should this solution have?

A

Ice cold, isotonic and buffered

99
Q

Why should this solution be ice cold?

A

To reduce enzyme activity so organelles are not broken down

100
Q

Why should this solution be isotonic?

A

To prevent osmosis to prevent lysis, crenation or plasmolysis

101
Q

Why should the solution be buffered?

A

To maintain the pH

102
Q

What is the purpose of filtration during cell fractionation?

A

To remove large debris

103
Q

In ultracentrifugation, the organelles are separated by their what?

A

(Decreasing) mass

104
Q

Which organelles should be separated first, second and third in ultracentrifugation?

A

Nucleus first, then chloroplasts and then mitochondria

Biology (26 decks)

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