68 Clinical: Neurodegenerative Disorders

Question 1

Clinical Exam

• What is the grading system for motor strength?

Answer 1

Question 2

Clinical Exam

• How are deep tendon reflexes grades?

Answer 2

Question 3

Clinical Exam

• Give the nerve root supply as well as the name of the nerve for the following reflexes
  
  • Facial Reflex
    
    1. Jaw
  • Upper Limb Reflexes
    
    1. Bicep
    2. Brachioradialus
    3. Triceps
    4. Finger
  • Lower Limb Reflexes
    
    1. Knee Jerk
    2. Ankle

Answer 3

Question 4

Clinical Exam

• What are the 6 signs of an Upper Motor Neuron Lesion?

Answer 4

Question 5

Clinical Exam

• What are the 6 signs of an Lower Motor Neuron Lesion?

Answer 5

Question 6

Neurodegenerative Dementia

• What are the 4 major types that Ziebarth wants us to know?

Answer 6

Question 7

Alzheimer’s

• How common is this, among other forms of dementia?
• What age does this usually start at?
• What 2 types of pathophysiology are seen?
• What are the 4 risk factors, aside from genetics?
• Genetics
  
  • What 3 gene mutations are associated with this, and what chromosomes are the genes on?

Answer 7

Question 8

Alzheimer’s

• What is shown in these two brain tissue slides?

Answer 8

Question 9

Alzheimer’s

• Cinical Presentation
  
  • How does early-stage AD present?
    
    • What would a patient most liekly have more of: AB plaques or Tau tangles?
  • How does late-stage AD present?
    
    • What would a patient most liekly have more of: AB plaques or Tau tangles?

Answer 9

Question 10

Alzheimer’s

• What is memantine commonly combined with?

Answer 10

donepezil

Question 11

Vascular Dementia

• How common is this?
• What are the 4 most common Risk Factors?

Answer 11

Question 12

Vascular Dementia

• How does this start?
• How do patients present?
• What are the goals of treatment?

Answer 12

Question 13

Frontotemporal Dementia aka Pick’s Disease

• When do people get this?
• What type of pathophysiolgoy does it have, and what does it NOT have?
• What are the 2 biggest risk factos?

Answer 13

Question 14

Frontotemporal Dementia aka Pick’s Disease

• What are the 3 varients of this condition?
• Give the notable strucutres that are affected?

Answer 14

Question 15

Frontotemporal Dementia aka Pick’s Disease

• Give the clinical presentation for the behavioral variant of this condition

Answer 15

Question 16

Frontotemporal Dementia aka Pick’s Disease

• Tx
  
  • What drugs are ineffective?
  • What is the goal of treatment?

Answer 16

Question 17

Lewy Body Dementia

• When do patients get this?
• Where do lewy bodies show up?
• What are the biggest risk factors?
  
  • What genes may have mutations in them?

Answer 17

Question 18

Lewy Body Dementia

• Clinical presentation
  
  • What 4 things do these patients present with?

Answer 18

Question 19

Lewy Body Dementia

• TX
  
  • What drug will cause worse psychiatric issues?
  • What is the main class of drugs to sue for treatment?

Answer 19

Question 20

Prion Disease

• What 2 notable human disease did we cover?
• What 2 notable animal disease did we cover?

Answer 20

Question 21

Creutzfeldt-Jacob

• Epidemiology
  
  • How common is this?
  • When do patients get present with it?
  • How do patients get it?
• Pathophysiology
  
  • What 4 brain regions are affected?

Answer 21

Question 22

Creutzfeldt-Jacob

• What is the most common cognitive feature?
• ​What is are the 2 most common motor features?

Answer 22

Question 23

Creutzfeldt-Jacob

• What are the 4 ways to Dx this?
• What are the Tx options?

Answer 23

Question 24

Give what each clincial feature is most suggestive of when a patient has dementia

• Family History
• Hypertension
• Prominent Memory Loss
• Aphasia
• Hallucinations
• Inability to control facial movements (Psudeobulbpar palsy)

Answer 24

• Family History
  
  • Huntingtons
  • Wilsons
• Hypertension
  
  • Vascular Dementia
• Prominent Memory Loss
  
  • Alzheimer’s
• Aphasia
  
  • Frontotemporal
• Hallucinations
  
  • Lewy Body
• Inability to control facial movements (Psudeobulbpar palsy)
  
  • Vascular Dementia

Question 25

Motor Neuron Disease

• What is the most common motor neuron disease in:
  
  • Children
  • Adults

Answer 25

Question 26

ALS

• Epidemiology
  
  • When do most people present with symptoms
  • How do 90 to 95% of people get this?
• Pathophysiology
  
  • What 2 types of patholgoy are seen?
• Risk Factors
  
  • What gene is mutated?

Answer 26

Question 27

ALS

• Clinical preseervation
  
  • What are the 4 characteristic symptoms have?
  • What do patients usualyl NOT have?

Answer 27

Question 28

ALS

• What tests are used to Dx this?
  
  • What do you need to do to be sure of this Dx?
• Tx
  
  • What 2 drugs treat this?

Answer 28

Question 29

SMA aka Werndig Hoffman

• Subtypes
  
  • What age does each present at?
    
    • Type I
    • Type II
    • Type III
• Pathophysioolgy
  
  • What part of the spinal cord is affected
• Risk Factors/Genes
  
  • What kind of genetic inheritece is shown?
  • What gene is affected?

Answer 29

Question 30

SMA aka Werndig Hoffman

• Give the clinical presentation for each type
  
  • Type I
  • Type II
  • Type III
• Tx
  
  • What drug is used to treat this?

Answer 30