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medicine > WEEK 6: 6.6 - Bone and Bone Tissue Structure > Flashcards

WEEK 6: 6.6 - Bone and Bone Tissue Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different types of bone?

A

Cortical and trabecular bones

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2
Q

What is a compact/cortical bone?

A

It forms the outer edges of bones, and is most commonly in the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones.

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3
Q

What do cortical bones contain?

A

Osteons, the main structural units of compact bone, which are arranged in parallel to give the bone strength in one direction

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4
Q

What is the function of cortical bones?

A

to provide rigid support and resist bending

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5
Q

Where are trabecular bones found?

A

In the interior of bones, particularly the epiphyses (ends of long bones) and flat and irregular bones (vertebrae, pelvis)

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6
Q

What do trabecular bones contain?

A

trabeculae (lattice-like bony struts)

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7
Q

What is the function of trabeculae

A

they align along lines of stress to provide strength in multiple directions , and are important in areas where bones absorb impact/distribute force

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8
Q

T or F: long bones share many common features

A

T

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9
Q

What does the bone surface feature?

A

rough areas, elevations, grooves, etc.

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10
Q

What functional purposes do bones have?

A
  • site of attachment for tendons, ligaments, muscles
  • passageway for nerved and vessels
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11
Q

What does diaphysis mean

A

shaft of long bone- made of cortical bone

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12
Q

What does epiphysis mean ?

A

ends of bone - made of trabecular bone

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13
Q

What is metaphysis?

A

Between epiphysis and diaphysis
contain trabecular bone

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14
Q

What is the medullary cavity

A

marrow cavity in diaphysis where yellow bone marrow is located

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15
Q

What is the articular cartilage

A

covers epiphyses - smooth frictionless shock absorbing

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16
Q

What are the cellular tissues that line and coat the bone?

A

Periosteum and endosteum

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17
Q

What is the periosteum

A

A tough outer fibrous membrane covering bone

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18
Q

What is the function of the periosteum

A
  • protects vessel and nerves that nourish bone
  • anchor muscle to bone
    doesn’t cover the articular cartilage or it would get damaged
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19
Q

what is the endosteum

A

thin delicate membrane lining medullary cavity

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20
Q

function of endosteum?

A
  • maintain cellular environment during bone repair & remodelling
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21
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues in the human body?

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
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22
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

it contains a variety of cells & proteins suspended in viscous ground substance (EXCM)

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23
Q

What are the 3 main types of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue - spacious, loosely organised - organ support
Dense irregular connective tissue - tightly organised, limited space - dermis
Dense regular connective tissue - tendon

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24
Q

What does supportive connective tissue include?

A

bones and cartilage

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25
What is the role of supportive connective tissue
- provide structural strength + protect soft tissues
26
T or F: Bone is a supportive connective tissue
T
27
Cells in the bone include
Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes & osteoclasts
28
What does the extracellular matrix of bone contain?
organic components including collagen fibres and inorganic components including mineral salts
29
what does a 'bone extracellular matrix' refer to?
the non-cellular material that gives bone its strength and rigidity
30
What are the two main components of the bone EXCM?
organic (soft, protein-based) inorganic (mineral-based)
31
What are organic components of the bone excm referred to?
osteoid
32
What cells are osteoid produced by?
osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
33
what are osteoids mostly made up of?
type 1 collagen which provides flexibility and tensile strength
34
where does inorganic components of the bone EXCM come from
the blood supply around the bone
35
What is the inorganic EXCM mostly composed of
calcium and phosphate salts that form hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its hardness and resistance to compression
36
What is mineralisation (calcificiation)
the process of hardening the matrix in which mineral salts bind to collagen to create crystals that make the matrix strong and stiff
37
what are osteons?
the functional units of compact bone
38
What is an osteoprogentior cell
It is a type of bone cell, that are stem cells that can undergo mitosis and can become osteoblasts through differentiation
39
Where can osteoprogenitor cells be found
lining the surface/edges of bone under the periosteum and endosteum
40
What type of stem cell is an osteoprogentior cell?
mesenchymal stem cell
41
Where is an osteoblast located?
lining the surfaces/edges of bone under the periosteum and endosteum
42
What is an osteoblast?
A bone-forming cell, that synthesises/deposits the organic bone matrix and initiates calcification (hardens bone)
43
Osteoblasts become what kind of cell when encased/trapped in bone deposit?
Osteocytes
44
What is an osteocyte?
A mature bone cell that maintains the bone microenvironment and regulates other bone cells, with cellular projections that create a sensory network through the bone matrix
45
Where are osteocytes located?
the cell body exists inside small cavities in the bone known as lacunae, while its cellular projections travel through small canals known as canaliculi
46
What is an osteoclast
Stemming from white blood cell lineage, it is a multinucleated accumulation of macrophages with the ability to break down bone
47
What does the ruffled surface of the osteoclast do?
create suction on bone to break down the bone matrix
48
Where are osteoclasts located?
on the edge of bone in resorption pits
49
What are osteons?
vertical tube-like bony structures arranged in parallel, and only found in compact bone.
50
What key structures does an osteon contain?
Haversian (central canal) Concentric lamellae Lacunae Canaliculi
51
What is a haversian canal
- a single canal for vessels that supply nutrients/remove waste for bone cells
52
What are concentric lamellae
layers of bone rings around the haversian canal
53
What are lacunae
cavities in lamellae containing osteocyte cell body
54
What are canaliculi
Canals through lamellae containing osteocyte cellular projections
55
Compact bone also contains what other canal and lamellae
Volkmann's canals (horizontal canals for vessels containing adjacent osteons) Interstitial lamellae (old osteons no longer containing a haversion canal)
56
What are trabeculae?
individual "strut" like bony units only found in spongy bone
57
spongy bone is a ___ of trabeculae
latticework
58
What do trabeculae contain
Lamella: layers of bone arranged in plates/sheets Lacunae and canaliculi for osteocytes
59
Trabeculae do not contain
Concentric lamella (layered rings of bone) A haversian central canal
60
How do osteocytes get nutrients VS the other 3 bone cells?
Other 3 bone cells live at edge of bone, so diffusion of nutrients from the local fluid environment is easy, however, as osteocytes are located in lacunae, the osteocyte projections travel through canaliculi connecting with blood vessels outside the bone (red bone marrow) to obtain nutrients
61
Cartilage is a
supportive connective tissue
62
What is the function of cartilage?
- Maintain shape - Resist compression, stretch and absorb shock - provide a smooth surface to minimise friction
63
What two cells are present in cartilage?
Chondroblast Chondrocyte
64
Chondroblast function?
To make more cartilage by secreting cartilage EXCM
65
Chondocyte is?
When a chondroblast buries itself within the cartilage matrix, that regulates the EXCM and contains a cell body in lacunae, but no cell projections due to easier diffusion of nutrients through its EXCM
66
the cartilage EXCM contains?
collagen type II and chondroitin
67
Why is the cartilage EXCM rubbery?
because it retains water
68
Cartilage is avascular- what does this mean?
It does not contain blood vessels within it, the diffusion of nutrients occurs externally
69
What are the 3 types of cartilage tissue?
Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage
70
Describe the appearance, location and function of hyaline cartilage
It is clear, glassy fine collagen fibres Appears in end of long bones at moveable joints, eg. trachea Smooth surface to prevent friction & also hold airways open
71
Describe the appearance, location and function of fibrocartilage?
It looks like a row of chondrocytes in lacunae and are extensive parallel bundles of collagen It is located in intervertebral discs Its function is to resist compression/absorb shock
72
Describe the appearance, location and function of elastic cartilage?
It looks like a web-like mesh of elastic fibres amongst lacunae It is located in the external ear, epiglottis Its function is to provide flexible elastic support and maintain shape

medicine (41 decks)

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