6.4 cloning and biotechnology Flashcards
what is it called hwen plants make natural clones
vegetative propagation, using asexual reproduction
natural clones in plants
runners/stolons
rhizomes
suckers
bulbs
corms
tubers
runners/stolons
horizontal stems on teh SURFACE OF THE GROUND
rhizomes
horizontal stems UNDERGROUND
suckers
stems that grow from the roots of the plant
bulbs
fleshy undergrund stem with 1+ apical bud
corms
underground stems with 1+ apical bud
SOLID VS FLESHY BULB
tuber
underhround stem
how to make a cutting
- use a sharp scalpel to cut a stem between nodules
- must be a stem without flowers : encourages root growth
- remove leaves, cover w a plastiv=c bag : reduce transpiration
- aseptic techniques: prevent infection
- dip cut stem in rooting powder
- plant in watered compost
how to do micropropagation/tissue culture
- cut plant stem into several smaller explants (usually go for meristem)
- sterilise explants w bleach
- place on agar grwoth medium containing nutrient solution (glucose). and high conc of AUXIN and CYTOKININ
- stimulates mitotic division, forms a CALLUS ( a mass of undifferentiated totipotent cells)
- subdivide the callus into smaller clumps
- move into different grwoth media containing DIFFERENT RATIOS OF HORMONES. eg high auxin for roots, high cytokinin for shoots
- then put into greenhouse
advatnages of artifical cloning
- can be carried out independently of seasons
- genetically identical for desriable characteristic
- faster than growing from seed
disadvantages of plant cloning
- pathogen
- less able to adapt to a changing environment
- tissue culture is labour intensiece + expensive
2 methods of reproductive cloning in animals
- embryo twinning
- somatic cell nuclear transfer
embryo pslitting
- egg from female and sperm from male fertilised IVF to make a zygote
- zygote divides by mitosis
- embryo split into smaller groups
- then each is inserted into the uterus of a surrogate mother
OFFSPRNG ARE CLONES OF EACH OTHER BUT NOT GI TO PARENTS !!!!!!!
SOMATIC cell nuclear transfer
- extract nucleus from somatic cell
- take an egg, and enucleate it
- insert the nucleus from the somatic cell into the enucleated egg cell
- FUSE USING ELECTROFUSION
- mitotic division => embryo, implanted into surrogate mother. is a CLONE OF THE NUCLEAR DONOR, but contains mDNA from the mother
uses of adult cell cloning
- save animals from extinction
- clone GMO oranisms that provide a useful substance
- farmers can clone animals w desirable characteristics
- use in researcg
- tissue transplant
disadvantages of cloned animals
- developmental problems (age)
- small gene pool
- religious/ethical
biotechnology
the use of living organisms in industrial processes to serve humans
why use microorganisms for biotech?(4)
- NON SEASONAL PRODUCTION
- rapid growth/reproduction
- take up less space
- cheap as low temperature
examples of where biotech is used
bread
cheese
yoghurt
indulin
penicillin
industrial fermenters
- used to grow bacteria and fungi on a large scale
- fermenters are made from stainless steel [doesnt corrose] and sterilised using hot steam
- AIR INLET: o2 in for ar
- paddles: even distribution of nutrients and oxygen
- pH sensor
- water jacket to control temperature
batch fermentation
- closed culture
- when one batch is finished, the vessel is emptied, cleaned, and new batch introduced
- PRIMARY METABOLITES
continuous fermentation
- continuous growth
- nutrients continuously added and waste products continuously grown
- ## open culture
rpimary metabolites
things normally produced by cells , eg atp, pyruvate etc
secondary metabolites
- things produced by organisms when under stress
- ## eg soem bacteria in the stationary phase start producing antibioitics to kill off competition -> can be harvestedd
importance of asepsis in fermentation
- microoorgs might compete w the bacteria for nutrients and space
- reducing yield
- spoil the product
aseptic techniques
- wash hands
- disinfect working area
- have an open bunsen flame nearby to heat the air: causes air to rise and prevents microorgs settling
- when u open a vessel flame the neck to prevent bac entering
- only partially lift the petri dish lid
how to grow. amicrroorganism culture pag
- sterilise the area, and use aseptic techniques
- sterilise the agar in an autoclave
- flame the neck of the bottle containing the sterilised nutreint afar
- pour into petri dish
- Flame incoulating loop, dip the loop into the bacteria broth, then ‘streak’ or spread over the agar solution
- incubate at 25
groewth curve applies to
CLOSED CULTURE
describe growth curve
- lag phase
- log phase
- stationary phase
- death phase
lag phase
- slow grwoth
- bac adjusting to new environment
- eg turning on genes and synthesising proteins (enzymes)
log phase
exponential growth
stationary phase
- ## death rate = growth rate
death phase
- nutrient srun out
- conc waste products too high
- death > birth
primary metabolites producee in
log phase
3 advantages of immobilised enzymes
- enzyme can be used again
- enzyme easier removedpurer product
- enzyme is more efficent
immobilised enzymes 3 methods
- entrapment in a gel matrix
- covalent bond to clay
- encapsulation inside alginate beads
