4.3 classification and evolution Flashcards
taxonomy
practice of biologoical classification
taxonomy is based off…
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
order of taxonomic ranks
domain
kingdom
phylum
clas
order
family
genus
species
3 domains
- eukarya
- bacteria
- archaea
- b and a are both prokaryotic
binomial name
Genus species
advantage of binomial
- universaly identified
archaea vs bacteria
- membrane lipids different (bacteria = ester lipds, archaea = ether lipids)
- archaea no peptidoglyca
- DNA associated with histones in archaea
5 kingdoms
- prokaryota
- protoctista
- animalia
- fungi
- plantae
prokaryota features
- unicellylar
- cell wall
- NO NUC OR MIT (membrane bound organelles)
- divide by binary fission
protoctista features
- eukaryotes
- membrane bound organelle
- 80s ribosome
- AUTO OR HETERO
- MOST unicellular
fungi features
- saprophytes
- chitin cell wall
- eukaryotes
- uni and multi
advantage of classificaion
- convenience
- easier to identify orgs
- see relationships between species
waht can we use instead of phenotypes
CYTOCHROME C
DNA similarity
cytochrome c
- in all orgs that respire
- but compare amino acid chain in different organisms, the more similar the more closely related
phylogeny
study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
(eg common ancestor)
darwin observations
- variation between members of same species on different islands
interspecific variation
differences between different species
intraspecific variation
differences between organisms in the same species
continuous variation
can take any value
eg
height
leaf length
USE A HISTOGRAM
discrete variation
- takes set valued
- eg
- Sex
- blood group
- BAR CHART
2 causes of variation
environmental
genetic
low standrad deviation
- narrow range
- points grouped close to the mean
- GOOD RELIABILITY
degrees of freedom for t test
sample size - number of data sets
tpyes of adaptations
anatomical (structurak)
behavioural (eg hibernation)
physiological (eg poison)
probelm of pesticides
accumulation in food chain
2 ways to prove same species
- cytochrome C similar sequence
- breed to produc fertile offspring
if you have pictures, dont compare
SIZE
- no scale given
- so no accurate comparison can be made
- you can however compare things relatively
the taxons refers to
PHYLOGENY classification
the creation of an organism with an artificial genome is known as
synthetic biology
advantages of binomial naming (3)
- universal
- shows which genus and species
- diff languages have diff common name for same organism
genetic material in prokaryote
- naked; not associated with histones
- circular loops
- plasmids
which kingdom are algae
- PROTOCISTA
2 WAYS to validate scientific research
- peer review
- replicate study
explain how sceintists are able to estimate the age of extinct organisms (2)
- fossils
- the deeper the older
if 2 organisms have a feature eg wings, does this show relation?
- no as classification is based on phylogeny
- could have evolved wings on multiple occasions
bottle neck (2)
- population drops so many alleles lost
- population descended from the few surviors
describe role of wallace (3)
- simi;ar ideas to darwin
- arrived at same conclusion independently
- published paper toegether
how to use DNA for phylogeny
- compare
- the more similar the more closely related
contunous variation is typically caused by …
- MANY GENES
- genes and environment
3 plant defenses against attackers
- chemicals
- folding
- stings
when discussing mutatin variation natural selection of a phenotype, which genes is the mutation in?
- REGULATORY genes
- these cnotrol the expression of other genes by switching on and off others; coding for transcription factors
- eg gene for pigment so colour
if you’re in water do you have a waxy cuticle
NO
- no need to prevent wate rloss
- wax production wastes energy
how could 2 different species completely evolve to have a similar feature?
- similar lifestyle
- similar selection pressure
- similar advantageous sruvival etc
importance of nitrogen fertiliser
- yield falls over time without
- fertiliser REPLACES LOST NITROGEN
- required for amino acids
- Nitrogen absorbed by plants
important consideration in seed banks (4)
- take species from different locations
- maintain geographic variation
- increase gene pool
- reduced chance of interbreeding
advantages of seed bank over plants
- most platns produce excess seeds
- SO can be collected without damaging plants
- take up little space
- so can store large numbers
- remain viable for long periods
why might reductionin biodiversity be bad for AGRICULTURE in future
- loss of genetic diversity (reduced gene pool)
- agricultural needs change over time so allele may have been useful
- eg for disease resistance
why can fertiliser be bad for diversity
- promotes growth of ONE plant
- others are outcompeted
- disrupts food chains
