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5.7 respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
A
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2
Q

first step of respiration

A

glycolysis

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3
Q

glycolysis stesp simple

A

glucose -> hexose bisphosphate -> 2x triose phosphate -> 2x pyruvate

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4
Q

how to get from glucose to hexose bisphosphate

A

PHOSPHORYLATION
- 2 molecules of ATP are hydrolysed to ADP and Pi, the Pis add onto carbon 1 and 6 of glucose

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5
Q

how to get from triose phosphate to pyruvate

A
  • dehydrogenase enzymes (2nad+ -> 2 nadh) remove hydrogens frorm each triose phospahte, and are accepted by the NAD+
  • simultaneously, 4ADP + 4Pi = 4ATP
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6
Q

in what conditions is glycolysis carried out under

A

ANAEROBIC (so happens in both types of resp)

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7
Q

inputs of glycokysis

A
  • glucose
  • 2 ATP
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8
Q

outputs of glycolysis

A
  1. 2x pyruvate
  2. 4 x ATP (net of 2)
  3. 2 NADH
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9
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

cristae

A

inner membrane of mitochondira; folded

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11
Q

what occurs in the matrix

A
  • link
  • krebs
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12
Q

matrix contains. …

A
  1. enzymes for link and krebs
  2. mDNA
  3. 70s ribosomes
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13
Q

how does pyruvate enter the mitochondria

A

active tranposrt

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14
Q

purpose of cristae

A
  • large SA for electron carriers
  • and ATP synthase
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15
Q

wahts special about intermembrane space

A
  • close to mitochondrial matrix
  • so reduced nad and fad can easily dilver h+ to ETC
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16
Q

HOW BIg is outer layer of mitochondria

A
  • envelope
  • 2 layers
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17
Q

link reaction steps

A
  1. pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 released)
  2. pyruvate is dehydrogenated (nad+ to nadh)
  3. this forms an acetyl group. combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA
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18
Q

steps of krebs

A
  1. acetyl CoA drops of the acetyl group (2c) which combines with oxaloacetate (4c) to form citrate(6c)
  2. citrate DECARBOXYLATED and DEHYDROGENATED NAD to form a 5c compoun
  3. DECARBOXYLATED and DEHYDROGENATED NAD again, to form a 4c compound
  4. with this 4c, substrate level phosphorylation, 1 ATP produced , dehydrogenation again WITH FAD, dehydrogenation again WITH NAD
  5. oxaloacetate regenerated
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19
Q

how many carbons in acetyl group

A

2

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20
Q

how many carbons in oxaloacetate

A

4

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21
Q

how many carbons in citrate

A

6

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22
Q

how many times does krebs happen per glucose

A

twice, as 2 pyruvates made in glycolysis, so 2 acetyl coas

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23
Q

product of krebs (ONCE)

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH
  • 2 CO2
  • 1 ATP
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24
Q

how can fatty acids be respired

A

broken down to acetate, combine with acetyl coa to enter krebs

25
Q

how can glycerol be respired

A
  • converted to pyruvate
  • link
26
Q

how can amino acids be respired

A
  • deamination
  • enter krebs / become pyruvate/ acetyl coa
27
Q

order of what happens to the 4 carbon stuff

A

atp produced
fad reduced
nad reduced
BACK TO OXALOACETATE

28
Q

STEPS OF OX PHOS

A
  • NADH and FADH are oxidised as they release e- into ETC
  • e- move down etc through carriers (series of reduction and oxidation with the fe2+ inside)
  • as they do so, they release energy needed to AT pump H+ from matrix into intermembrane space, establishing a proton gradient
  • e- recombine w h+ and o (FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR) to form water
    -CHEMIOSMOSIS. h+ flow down their gradient FD through ATPase back into the matrix
    porotn motive force, synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi
29
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in respiration

A

oxygen
- in ox phos when it combines with the electrons and h+ to form water

30
Q

how much NET aTP produced in glycolysis

A

2 (2 used up in the beginning, 4 produced at the end)

31
Q

how much atp producedin link

A

0

32
Q

how much atp produced in krebs

A

2

33
Q

how much atp produced in ox phos

A

28

34
Q

why is ATP yeild usually lower than 32? (2)

A
  1. some ATP needed to AT pyruvate from glyoclisys into mitochondria
  2. some protons may leak out of envelope
35
Q

describe what happens if theres no o2 present?

A
  1. o2 cant act as final electron acceptor in ox phos. e- after etc and protons after doing ATPase cant combine to form water
  2. concentration of protons INCREASES in matrix, reducing proton gradient across cristae
  3. ox phos stops
  4. nadh and fadh cannot become oxidised, so arent regenrated
  5. krebs stops and so does link
36
Q

how do fungi anaerobic

A

eg yeast
ETHANOL fermentation pathway

37
Q

how do mammals anaerobic

A

lactate fermentation pathway

38
Q

describe ethanol fermentatioin pathway

A
  1. glycolysis happens
  2. each pyruvate is DECARBOXYLATED (by pyruvate decarboxylase) to form ethanal
  3. ethanal accepts h from NADH, reducing it to ethanol (ethanol dehydrogenase)
  4. NAD is reoxidised and regenerated, so can accept h from triose phosphate, so glycolysis can continue
39
Q

describe lactate fermentation pathway

A
  1. glycolysis happens
  2. pyruvate accepts h from nadh , forming lactate (by lactate dehydrogenase)
  3. nad is reoxidised and regenrated, can now be reduced by acccpeting h from triose phosphate, so glycolysis continues
40
Q

fate of lactate (2)

A

CARRIED TO LIVER
1. converted to pyruvate, reenters link and krebs
2. recyled to glucose and glycogen

41
Q

what happens if lactate builds up

A
  • lowers pH in muscles
  • inhibits enzymes in glycolysis and in muscle contraction
42
Q

how can monosaccharadies be respired

A
  • ISOMERASE enzymes convert to glucose
43
Q

how are lipids respired

A
  • triglycerides hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids
    FATTY ACIDS?
  • +CoA , acetyl groups, enters krebs
  • glycerol: pyruvate for link
44
Q

why do lipids produce lots of ATP?

A
  • fatty acid chains have lots of hydrogen
  • good for chemiosmosis
45
Q

how can proteins be respireD?

A
  • hydrolysis of peptide bond to amino acids
  • deamination in liver
  • remaining keto acid enters as pyruvate, acetyl coa, one of the krebs cycle compounds
46
Q

what dictates the energy levels of each compound, adn what does this mean re oxygen

A
  • number of hYDROGENS
  • but the more hydrogens, the more OXYGEN is neededm to combine to form water
47
Q

how to calculate RQ

A

co2 produced/o2 consumed

48
Q

carbohydrate RQ

A

1

49
Q

fatty acids RQ

A

0.7

50
Q

proteins RQ

A

0.8-0.9

51
Q

what does it mean if RQ>1?

A
  • anaerobic respiration
  • more co2 produced than o2 taken in
52
Q

what device measures respiration

A

respirometer

53
Q

why place the organisms on gauze

A

so they dont come into contactw/ sodium hydroxide /soda lime and risk damage

54
Q

what control do you use on the other side

A
  • glas beads of the SAME MASS as the organisms
55
Q

what does the volume change in the respiormeeter mean

A
  • if all co2 is absorbed by soda lime
  • then the only volume change is due to OXYGEN ABSORBED
56
Q

how does the volume change in respirometer

A
  • co2 released absorbed by soda lime
  • o2 taken in, vol of gas in chamber decreases, reduced pressure so liquid moves towards the respiriing tube
57
Q

how to reset respiormeter

A
  • syringe depressed to inject air into system
  • liquid reset, and can also read o2 used in the syrings
58
Q

considerations when setting up

A
  1. apparatus connected with tube open so it can equilibrate with atmosphere
  2. place in water bath for 10 ins for temperature to equilibrate
  3. syringe level notes, and near top of scale
  4. levels of liquid marked

bio (24 decks)

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