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bio > 2.1.6 cell division, diversity, organisation > Flashcards

2.1.6 cell division, diversity, organisation Flashcards

1
Q

cell cycle 4 stages

A

G1 (growth 1)
Synthesis
G2 (growth 2)
Mitosis (cytokineses)

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2
Q

what triggers going from one phase to enouther

A

cyclins

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3
Q

3 parts of interphase

A

g1
s
g2

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4
Q

what happes in G1

A
  • growth
  • PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, cells make enzymes, proteins for growth
  • CHECKPOINT: dna damage etc, approve going to the next
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5
Q

what happens in g2

A
  • more growing
  • DNA is error checked and repaired
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6
Q

does the cell grow during mitosis

A

no

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7
Q

in whcih part of cell cycle is there the most mRNA produced

A
  • G1
  • protein syntehsis and production of mRNA in transcription
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8
Q

product of mitosis

A

2 genetically identical daughter cells

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9
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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10
Q

how many chromosomes in human nucleus

A

46 (23 pairs)

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11
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes SUPERCOIL and become visible
  • nuclear envelope disintegrate
  • nucleolus disappears
  • centrioles move to opposite poles
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12
Q

metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up at equator of cell
  • SF attach to centromeres
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13
Q

anaphase

A
  • sister chromatides pulled apart at centromre
  • SF shorten
  • separated chromatids pulled to opposite poles by microtubule spindle fibres
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14
Q

telophase

A
  • nuclear enevlope reforms
  • SF breaks down
  • new nucleoluses formed
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15
Q

cytokineses

A

cytoplasm and organelles divides into 2

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16
Q

structure of chromosome (post DNA rep)

A

2 identical chromatids joined together at CENTROMERE

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17
Q

centrosome

A

pair of centrioles

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18
Q

what in plants can you use to study mitosis

A

meristem tissue (root tip)

19
Q

purpose of mitosis

A
  1. growth
  2. replace cells, repair tissues
  3. asexual reproduction eg ameoba
20
Q

what type of cells does mitosis produce

21
Q

what type of cells does meiosis produce

A

haploid gametes

22
Q

meoisis 1

23
Q

P1

A
  • nuclear envelope breaks down into vesicles
  • nucleolus disintegrates
  • chromosomes condense and become visible
  • CROSSING OVER occurs
24
Q

crossing over is

25
Q

what is a bivalent

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes

26
Q

M1

A
  • chromosomes line up along equator
  • spindle fibres formed and attach to ccentromere
  • INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
27
Q

A1

A
  • centrioles pull apart chromosomes to opporite ends
28
Q

T1

A
  • chromosomes at opposite poles
  • SF break down
  • nuclear envlopes reform and nucleoluses
29
Q

cytokineses 1

A
  • cytoplasm divides
30
Q

product of meiosis 1

A

2x haploid cells (NOT GENETICALLY IDENTICAL)

31
Q

what happens between m1 and m2

A
  • no interphase
32
Q

p2

A
  • nuclear enevlope breaks down, nucleolus disintegrates
  • chromosomes condense
33
Q

m2

A
  • chromosomes line up at equaotr
  • spindle fibres form and attach to centromeres
34
Q

a2

A

-chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

35
Q

t2

A
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • nucleoli reform
36
Q

cytokineses 2

A
  • cytoplasm divides
37
Q

total product of meiosis

A
  • 4 haploid cells
38
Q

how do you count chroosomes

A

by number of centromeres present

39
Q

p1

A
  • chromosomes supercoil, visible
  • nuclear envelop breaks down, nucleous disintigerates
  • CHROMOSOMES COME TOGETHER AS HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS
  • crossing over occurs
40
Q

waht is crossing over

A

PROPHASE 1
- non sister chromatids swap sections of DNA
- CHROMATIDS HAVE NEW ALLELE COMBO
- the more they cross over depends on how close they are

41
Q

M1

A
  • pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at equator
  • spindle attaches to centromere
  • INTEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
42
Q

independent assortment

A

METAPHASE 1 (snd2)
- Homologous chromosome pairs line up at equator
- maternal and paternal can end up facing either pole
- maternal and paternal have different alleles
- PRODUCES LARGE NUMBER OF ALLELE COMBOS

43
Q

a1

A
  • each chromosome (containing 2 chromatids) in the homolgous pair is pulled to an opposite pole
44
Q

t1

A
  • 2 nuclear envelpoes reform
  • then cytokinesis
  • HAPLOID

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